Human geography exam 2 notes

environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

The English words worm, fire, ashes, spit, and that are: A) are ultra-conserved, meaning they are among the world's oldest and most durable words B) represent words that are truly American English words C) became official after starting out as slang words D) linguistically drifted to the United Kingdom from the European mainland E) all used to mean the same thing

A) are ultra-conserved, meaning they are among the world's oldest and most durable words

preservationists (informed by romanticism and transcendentalism) Muir: preserve nature for nature's sake

Concerned primarily with setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities

I= PAT

Impact= Population x Affluence x Technology

In lecture, we looked at the idea that nature is a social creation. Which of the following best corresponds to the idea that nature is a social creation, as presented in lecture? Humans have built the physical world - nothing exists outside of human society. The physical world means different things to different people in different contexts. The physical world and its resources were made exclusively for human use. The evolutionary process concluded with the emergence of humans. All are correct

The physical world means different things to different people in different contexts.

conservationists (informed by utilitarianism and stewardship, rational use of nature)

Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.

social difference affects how mental maps are formed, T-F?

True

what are the 2 perspectives of Judeo-Christian tradition?

dominion thesis and stewardship

Culture is found only among small, homogeneous groups. T/F?

false

Each country has one and only one official language. T/F?

false

Language trees represent the relationships of words in a language to each other. T/F?

false

Racial discrimination only occurs when it results from formal rules; informal forms of racial discrimination do not exist. T/F?

false

The meanings that people give to places are based only on our personalities and what we directly experience through our senses. T/F?

false

Until the Columbian Exchange, humans did not noticeably alter the natural environment. t/F?

false

We only begin to develop mental maps as adults. True or false

false

Place marketing is generally on the decline. T/F?

false. place marketing is generally on the rise

cultural ecology

The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

Cosmopolitanism

an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures, coupled with an emphasis on status consumption

utilitarianism view (intrinsic view)

any part of nature that is unused has no value and is wasted

Biological perspective- ethology

as animals, humans have certain needs (safety, stimulation, expression) that are expressed through territoriality

All of the following are Romance languages EXCEPT: French Spanish Basque Latin All of the above are Romance languages

basque

Generally, the more experience and first-hand information we have of a place, the more our cognitive images: become more detailed are simplified converge on topophilia are like derelict landscapes become territorial

become more detailed

? is the main greenhouse gas driving climate change (US is number one emitter of this gas)

carbon dioxide

Which of the following is the least likely example of kinship? sisters in a sorority firefighters in the same fire department cousins in the same family neighbors in the same village citizens of the same country

citizens of the same country

language family

collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistorical origin

language branch

collection of languages that possess a definite common origin but have split into individual languages

language group

collection of several individual languages that are part of a language branch, share a common origin, and have similar grammar and vocabulary

cultural complex

combination of traits characteristic of a particular group

Virgin Soil Epidemics

conditions in which the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposure to a disease within the lifetime of the oldest member of a group

National Forests and Parks across the United States, from the Rockies to the Smokies, operate under a view of natural resource use built on a ________ environmental ethic, which holds that natural resources can be used responsibly for human benefit. preservationist conservationist deforestationist modernizationist ecocentric

conservationist

To cultural geographers, which of the following statements is NOT true? Culture: is a shared sets of meanings is lived through the materials and symbolic practices of everyday live is based on our genetic inheritance can be transformed by forces internal and external to particular groups can include values, beliefs, practices, language, and identities

culture is not based on our genetic inheritance

The English spoken in Minnesota and the English spoken in Australia can best be characterized as two different: Dialects language families. language groups. languages. language branches.

dialects

Distortions in our mental maps are the result of: partial or incomplete information. biased information. our likes and dislikes. the strength of our memories. all of the above. (correct)

distortions in our mental maps are the result of partial or incomplete information, our likes and dislikes, the strength of our memories

popular culture

practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogenous and change frequently, often in response to commercial products

linguistic drift

process of random change inherent to all languages

The great environmental benefit of hydropower as an energy source is that it: produces few atmospheric pollutants benefits water quality has no impact on local plant and animal life maintains the pristine quality of the body of water on which it is built both that it benefits water quality and it has no impact on local plant and animal life

produces few atmospheric pollutants

A study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space for example, how near or distant you like to sit near others in class is known as semiotics proxemics territoriality vernacular space sense of place

proxemics

mental maps

psychological representations of locations that are made up from people's individual ideas and impressions of these locations

Just as we can consume food and other material goods, contemporary culture encourages us to consume places, meaning, to: deplete resource through destroying landscapes destroy unique places to build franchises travel to other places to learn about their geographies and histories force rank the importance of places purchase images, symbols and experiences of places

purchase images, symbols, and experiences of places

an example of climate change mitigation is

reducing green house gas emissions

the great acceleration

refers to the period after World War II, during which human population and economic activities grew at a greater rate than in the past.

dialects

regional or ethnic variations in official languages

kinship

relationship based on blood, marriage, or adoption

hydropower, wind power, biomass power, and geothermal energy are all examples of

renewable energy

stewardship

responsibility of care for creation

evidence of climate change includes ? and a hazard of climate change includes

rising global temperatures, rising sea levels

intersubjectivity

shared meanings among people, derived from their lived experience of everyday practices

Territoriality helps us understand how rules, laws and the exercise of power have become associated with:

spaces and places

territoriality

specific attachment of individuals or groups to a specific location or territory

place

specific geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes

ethology

study of behavior from a biological perspective. studies the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs from a biological perspective

Cultural prospective- proxemics

study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space; unwritten protocols governing how we claim space and respect the claims made by others

he I = PAT formula relates environmental impacts to: technological progress a certain level of affluence population size technological level, level of affluence, and population size. technological level and the level of influence.

technological level, level of affluence, and population size.

In their studies of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs, ethologists are most likely to study people's sense of: self ethnicity territoriality space landscape

territoriality

cultural landscape

a characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group and a natural environment

cultural system

a collection of interacting elements that taken together shape a group's collective identity

lingua franca

a common language used among people with different native languages

A cultural region is an area where a particular cultural system prevails everyone has exactly the same cultural traits everyone is kin all of the above are possible none of the above

a cultural region is where a particular cultural system prevails

A group of traders has converged. Each trader speaks a distinct language as their primary language. However, they are all bilingual in Spanish and choose to do business in that language. In this situation, Spanish is serving as: a fusion language a lingua franca an endangered language a dialect none of the above

a lingua franca

A company involved in which of the following is not generally considered to be among the "culture" industries? a manufacturing company an advertising company a publishing company an entertainment company a communications media company

a manufacturing company

According to Carl Sauer, a cultural landscape is

a material expression of culture on landscape

language tree

a representation of the relationships of languages to each other

cultural trait

a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group

an example of climate change adaptation is

adjusting activities to reduce our vulnerability and increase resilience to hazards associated with climate change

According to Sauer's model, ________ is important in the creation of cultural landscapes. time cultural practices natural landscapes geology and climate all of the above

all of the above

functional illiteracy

an individual's reading and writing skills are inadequate to manage daily living or hold down a job that requires reading skills beyond a basic level

The main form of social difference associated with social distance is:

gender

According to linguistic analysis, and as shown on a language tree, English is most closely related to and evolved from

german

Fossil fuel use increased most dramatically during the Demographic collapse Industrial Revolution Early Middle Ages Great acceleration Age of Exploration

great acceleration

social difference

how people see themselves or how other people see them

dominion thesis

humans are the pinnacle of creation and have ethical free reign to use nature in any way deemed beneficial

anthropocentrism

individual humans and the human species as more valuable than all other organisms

About 50 percent of the global population speaks languages belonging to the ________ language family

indo-european

ecocentrism

inherent (intrinsic) value in all of nature; wider view of the world than does anthropocentrism

global warming IS/IS NOT caused by solar activity

is not

Which of the following terms is most likely to encompass the largest number of languages? language family language branch language group language dialect

language family

social distance

likelihood that dissimilar groups or subgroups interact with one another

instrumental value

means to further some other ends

environmental justice

movement reflecting a growing political consciousness, largely among the world's poor, that their immediate environs are far more toxic than those in wealthier neighborhoods

To be in the same family, languages must share the same vocabulary. alphabet (or script). origins. grammar. dialect.

origins

Before the Columbian Exchange, the potato was only available in the area now known as:

peru

environmental ethics

philosophical perspectives that prescribe principles to guide our treatment of nature

transcendentalism

philosophy in which a person attempts to rise above nature and the limitations of the body to the point where the spirit dominates the flesh

romanticism

philosophy that emphasizes knowing ourselves through encounters with nature

Toponyms

place names. often refer to social progress in the area. May impact how people view the lace. Dominated by 10 themes: descriptive, commendatory, possession, commemorative, associative, incidents, possession, folk, manufactured, mistakes, shift. EX) "Mount Prospect" and "Mount Misery"

The environmental justice movement emphasizes the disproportional burdens that the ________ face from the negative consequences of economic development.

poor

cultural region

the areas within which a particular cultural system prevails

topophilia

the complex emotions and meanings associated with particular places that become significant to individuals

the anthropocene

the current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways

language hearths

the source areas of languages

political ecology example: how does the legacy of colonialism affect resource extraction?

the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes

folk culture

traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle who are seen to be homogenous in their belief systems and practices

Some forms of residential segregation are involuntary while others are voluntary True or False

true

The majority of the energy consumed in the world today comes from nonrenewable sources. True or false

true

both indirect and direct experiences contribute to mental maps. T/F?

true, both direct and indirect experiences contribute to mental maps

intrinsic value

value of things as ends in themselves regardless of whether they are also useful as means to other ends