Human Nutrition Unit 3 (Chapter 12)

What is a pharmacologic dose?

(very high doses) sometimes used to treat disease

how many essential vitamins are there?

13 8 B's C, A, D, E, K

how many fat soluble vitamins are there?

4 A, D, E, K

how many water soluble vitamins are there what are they

9 Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic Acid B-5 Biotin Vitamin B-6 Folate B-9 Vitamin B-12 Vitamin C

What are the antioxidant nutrients? Remember ACES to Z

ACES to Z provides vitamins A, C and E, plus selenium and zinc to promote a healthy strong immune system

What are the nutrients involved in enrichment?

B1, B2, B3, Folic Acid, Iron

What are some of the minerals that compete with iron for absorption?

Calcium, magnesium, copper

What are some of the functions of vitamins?

Cell growth, development, and function Energy metabolism Antioxidant defense Immunity Blood clotting Synthesis of body structures Neurotransmitter synthesis

Which government entity oversees dietary supplements?

DSHEA overseas dietary supplements not closely monitored by FDA

How much do humans typically need? How does this compare to the macronutrients?

Daily needs for micronutrients are in the mcg or mg range where macronutrients are to the gram range

What is the DSHEA?

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

What is a food-first approach?

Food before any supplements

What is golden rice?

Golden rice is rice that has had genes from other organisms added to it. These genes produce beta-carotene.

Vitamin A toxicity = ____________ __

Hypervitaminosis A

What are the top three nutrient deficiencies in the world?

Iron, Iodine and Vitamin A

What makes a vitamin essential?

It cannot be synthesized by the body or it can be synthesized, but only in insufficient quantities. However just because the body is unable to synthesize something, that does not mean it is a vitamin when a substance is not consumed, health declines

Review the tips for preserving vitamin content

Keep fruits and vegetables cool until eaten, Refrigerate fruits and vegetables (except bananas, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, and fruit that is not fully ripened) in the vegetable crisper drawer or in plastic bags with tiny holes that allow food to breathe, Trim, peel, and cut fruits and vegetables minimally just before serving, Microwave, steam, stir-fry, saut , or lightly cook most fruits é́ and vegetables, Minimize cooking time and reheating, Do not add baking soda to vegetables to enhance the green color, Store canned foods in a cool, dry location. Store frozen foods at 0°F (−32°C) or colder, Eat canned and frozen foods within 12 months

One of the side effects of supplementing this nutrient in high doses is the ______ flush where the skin becomes very red and warm.

Niacin

Which vitamin did we discuss in class that is supplemented in high doses to lower blood lipid levels? This nutrient can also help bring up HDL levels.

Niacin (Vitamin B)

What are a few water soluble nutrients that have a UL?

Niacin, B6, C and choline cause toxic effects when taken in amounts 15-100x the RDA

what's another name for Thiamin? Riboflavin? Niacin?

Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) Niacin (Vitamin B-3) (pantothenic acid)

What is the USP? What do they do?

U.S. Pharmacopeia an independent, scientific nonprofit organization focused on building the trust in the supply of safe, quality medications

Alcohol impairs the digestion, absorption, storage, and utilization of Vitamin ___; a deficiency of this nutrient has been connected to WKS.

Vitamin B1 Thiamin

Which vitamin improves calcium absorption?

Vitamin D improves calcium absorption

What fat-soluble vitamin is produced by bacteria in the gut?

Vitamin k

Make sure you understand how vitamins are digested and absorbed.

Water-soluble vitamins- absorbed independent of dietary fat Fat-soluble vitamins- absorbed along dietary fat

Where can fat-soluble nutrients be stored when consumed in excess?

adipose tissue or the liver

What is a suboptimal intake?

an average intake <90% of recommended Dietary Allowance, corrected for age and sex

Which one is connected to anemia? Which one is connected to goiter and cretinism? Which one is connected to blindness?

anemia deficiencies- Iron cretinism deficiencies- Iodine blindness- Vitamin A

What's another name for Vitamin C?

ascorbic acid

Why don't we see these problems too often in America?

because we have iodized salt

Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to cause toxicity?

because you can get rid of water-soluble vitamins more easy. and when they are over used they excrete from the liver

Why are fat-soluble nutrients more likely to cause toxic side effects?

because you cant get rid of fat-soluble vitamins but you can get rid of water- soluble ones.

What does golden rice contain?

beta-carotene

What is phytic acid? Where is it found?

binds minerals found in fiber

What are some of the issues that vitamin A deficiency can cause?

blindness and growth development

What foods have been linked to a decreased risk of cancer?

brocolli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussel sprouts, box choy, kale

What is one mineral that can bind to albumin?

calcium

What's the most abundant mineral in the body? Where is most of this mineral found?

calcium most commonly found in the bones

What are four vitamins/minerals that are better absorbed when your body produces adequate stomach acid?

calcium, iron, zinc and Vitamin C, and Thiamin

What are some of the minerals that Americans do not consume enough of? Be able to list sources of these nutrients.

calcium, potassium, magnesium potassium- bananas, yogurt, salmon, tuna, potato skin, broccoli magnesium- beans

What are some of the conditions associated with an iodine deficiency?

can lead to goiter and cretinism (stunted physical and mental growth)

What does malignant mean?

cancerous

Excessive consumption or supplementation of Beta-Carotene can lead to a condition called _____________, where the skin turns orange.

carotenodermia

Know the difference between a clinical and a sub-clinical deficiency. Be able to identify/differentiate between the two.

clinical- something you can see ex. signs/symptoms sub-clinical- hasn't started to cause problems yet

The ___ prefix represents the natural form whereas the dl prefix represents the synthetic form

d

Vitamin E in the ______ form is more potent than vitamin E in the ________ form.

d--alpha tocopherol- natural form dl-alpha-- synthetic form

If you're taking a multivitamin or a mineral supplement, it should contain less than 100% of the _______ _______.

daily value

Which nutrient deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia?

deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate (vitamin B9)

What are some things people can do to increase their iron intake and absorption?

drinking citrus juice, or eating other foods rich in vitamin C at the same time you eat high iron foods

Thiamin is especially important in the metabolism of _________, which is why people with WKS experience neurological side effects.

energy and glucose

What is carcinogenesis?

epithelial tissue, secretory glands

Understand how water and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed.

fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fat water-soluble vitamins are absorbed independent of dietary fat

Which is more biologically active, folate or folic acid?

folic acid

Women of child-bearing age need this nutrient in sufficient amounts to prevent neural tube defects

folic acid is important for a healthy pregnancy 400 mcg folic acid for pregnancy women

It's very rare to see vitamin toxicity from ___________; it's more common to see vitamin toxicity from excessive __________ of specific nutrients

food supplements

What is oxalic acid? Where is it found?

found in leafy green plants

What are some things that affect a food's vitamin content?

growing conditions, climate and weather, processing, storage

What are a few examples of supplements that may be appropriate for individuals?

health concerns, health issues, sickness, athletes

What is the difference between heme iron and non-heme iron? What are sources of these forms of iron?

heme- found in animal flesh like meat, poultry, and seafood non heme- found in plant foods like whole grains, nuts and seeds, legumes and leafy greens

How are vitamins transported in the body? Know the major differences between water-soluble transport and fat-soluble transport.

incorporated into chylomicrons and transported by the lymphatic system to the bloodstream. After a meal, chylomicrons circulate throughout the body and lose their triglycerides to body cells. The fat-soluble vitamins are left in the Chylomicron remnant and are then delivered to the liver. The liver repackages fat-soluble vitamins with new proteins for transport in the blood OR the fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue or the liver for future use Water-soluble vitamins- absorbed directly into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body Fat- absorbed along dietary fat

Which nutrients are a concern for individuals following a poorly planned vegan diet?

iron and zinc because found mostly in meats also, calcium vitamin d and B12

If someone has ________ disease, they might have to alter their intake of certain nutrients, like phosphorus, potassium, sodium, etc.

kidney

what actives vitamin d

liver kidneys

How much do you need per day for a mineral to be classified as major or trace?

major minerals- 100 mg or more/ day trace minerals- less than 100 mg/ day

What is the difference between major, trace, and ultratrace minerals?

major minerals- needed in large quantities trace minerals- needed in smaller quantities ultratrace minerals- needed in even smaller amounts that trace minerals

What are the examples of major and trace minerals?

major minerals- sodium or potassium trace minerals- iron, iodine and zinc

What is megaloblastic anemia? What is pernicious anemia?

megaloblastic anemia- large red blood cells Pernicious anemia- low red blood cells/ not enough red blood cells. deficiency of vitamin B12

What are three reasons why you need to be careful when taking individual mineral supplements?

mineral supplements can be contaminated, lead and other mineral contamination USP (U.S. Pharmacopeia) labels

Does enrichment add back all of the nutrients lost during processing?

no

What does benign mean?

non-cancerous

What is night blindness?

not being able to see well at night

How does processing impact the nutrient content of a food?

nutrients ofter get lost or destroyed

Vitamins are _________, minerals are in_________.

organic and minerals are inorganic

What are some diseases that could impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

pancreatic disease (pancreatitis, cancer, cystic fibrosis), intestinal disease (IBD, Crohn's), liver disease can lead to malabsorption Orlistat (Alli)- weight loss drug/ lipase inhibiter

What are some things that affect absorption?

physiological need amount consumed/ competing minerals

Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of ________ ________ in children

preventable blindness

What foods have been linked to an increased risk of cancer?

processed meats like bacon, ham, lunch meat, jerky, hot dogs and salami

What is a dietary supplement? What are examples of dietary supplements?

product intended to supplement the diet contains one or more of the following vitamin A, Mineral A, an amino acid, an herb, a botanical, or a plant extract

What is one mineral that most Americans consume too much of?

sodium

Why are deficiency diseases rarer in developed countries? Be able to list 3 or 4 reasons.

sufficient access to food, enrichment, fortification, food product, season and climate

How is obesity connected to cancer?

these changes can include long lasting inflammation and higher than normal levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and sex hormones.

How are minerals transported?

travel in blood in free form or bound to proteins

Cancer is characterized by??

uncontrolled cell growth

Which two fat-soluble nutrients are most likely to cause toxic side effects?

vitamin A and D

Which vitamin is the "wimpiest"/most easily destroyed?

vitamin C

If someone has limited sun exposure, which nutrient might they need to supplement?

vitamin D

Which vitamin improves iron absorption?

vitamin c improves iron absorption

What are some of the vitamins involved in energy metabolism?

vitamins act as coenzymes thiamin B1, Riboflavin B2, Niacin B3, Pantothenic acid B5, Biotin, B6

What are vitamins? What makes them essential?

vitamins are micronutrients found within the diet. They are essential, organic and needed in small amounts. They are essential if there are negative effects in the diet without them in it.

Alcohol abuse can lead to ________ syndrome (WKS), which is characterized by symptoms such as ________

wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome- caused by a thiamin deficiency and symptoms include confusion, ataxia, weakness, peripheral neuropathy

Do carrots and other vegetables/fruits contain pre-formed vitamin A?

yes, it contains carotenodermia- excess of beta carotene

What is fortification?What is an example of this?

you added something to a food that it didnt have before to make it stronger example- adding vitamins or minerals to a food that were not originally there calcium in orange juice