Human Performance (SHEL MODEL)
Peer Group
A group of people with one or more shared interests or characteristics a.) Peers b.) Peer Group c.) Peer Pressure
Action
A human factor program that carefully analyzes as the action that must be performed to complete a job efficiently and safely a.) Action b.) People c.) Environment
Environment
A human factor program that focuses on the area in which they work. It includes a physical workplace on the ramp, in the hangar, or in the shop, and the organization that exists within the company. a.) People b.) Action c.) Environment
Resources
A human factor program that focuses on the criteria necessary to complete a job such as tools, equipment, materials, technical manuals, the number of qualifications of the staff, the amount of time allocated, and the level of communication. a.) People b.) Environment c.) Resources
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A motivational theory in psychology composing a five-tier model of human needs. a.) SHELL Model b.) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs c.) PEAR Model
Transcendence Needs
A person can be motivated by values that go beyond the personal self (mystical experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, and the pursuit of science and religious faith). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to? a.) Cognitive Needs b.) Transcendence Needs c.) Aesthetic Needs
Negative Peer Pressure
A type of peer pressure that can challenge, motivate to do something they may usually not do and engage in such behavior because others are doing it - so it's a way to belong a.) Positive Peer Pressure b.) Negative Peer Pressure c.) Direct Peer Pressure
Unspoken Peer Pressure
A type of peer pressure that involves an individual being exposed to certain behaviors, trends, or choices of others. This is when someone is exposed to the action of one or more peers and is left to choose whether they want to follow along a.) Spoken Peer Pressure b.) Unspoken Peer Pressure c.) Direct Peer Pressure
Spoken Peer Pressure
A type of peer pressure that involves one individual or a group asking another individual to participate in some type of behavior. This is when someone verbally influences another person to do something. a.) Unspoken Peer Pressure b.) Direct Peer Pressure c.) Spoken Peer Pressure
Positive Peer Pressure
A type of peer pressure that is felt in one-on-one situations or groups that yield positive results and healthier lifestyle choices. This is when a person is influenced by others to engage in beneficial or productive behavior. a.) Positive Peer Pressure b.) Negative Peer Pressure c.) Direct Peer Pressure
Indirect Peer Pressure
A type of peer pressure that is less invasive, No one is singling you out, but the environment you are in may influence you to do something a.) Direct Peer Pressure b.) Indirect peer pressure c.) Spoken Peer Pressure
Significant and Increasing
Accidents and engineering faults are? a.) Insignificant and Increasing b.) Insignificant and Decreasing c.) Significant and Increasing
Liveware - Environment
An interaction that occurs between the human operator, and the internal and external environments. It involves adapting the environment to match the human requirements a.) Liveware - Environment b.) Liveware - Software c.) Liveware - Hardware
Aesthetic Needs
Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, and form belong to what hierarchy of needs? a.) Transcendence Needs b.) Aesthetic Needs c.) Cognitive Needs
People
Aviation maintenance human factors programs that focuses on people who perform the work, or who perform the job and address physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial factors a.) Action b.) People c.) Resources
Input Characteristics
Human senses that are responsible for collecting vital tasks and environmental - related information is subject to limitations and degradation a.) Environmental Tolerances b.) Output characteristics c.) Input Characteristics
Information Processing
Humans have limitations such as working memory capacity, time, and retrieval considerations. These limitations can influence individuals to make false hypotheses degrading decision making a.) Output Characteristics b.) Information Processing c.) Input characteristics
Fuel Requirements
Humans require food, water, and oxygen to function efficiently. Any deficits can affect cognitive function, physical performance, and emotional well-being a.) Input Characteristics b.) Fuel Requirements c.) Physical Size and Shape
Norms
Informal work practices or unwritten rules that are acceptable to the group a.) Lack of Communication b.) Complacency c.) Norms
Peer Pressure
It is a direct influence on people by peers who get encouraged to follow their peers by changing their habits, values, and behaviors a.) Peers b.) Peer Group c.) Peer Pressure
Esteem Needs
Maslow classified this into two categories - the high regard for oneself (e.g. dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and the degree for reputation or respect from others (e.g. status, prestige). What hierarchy of needs does this belong to? a.) Safety Needs b.) Self-Actualization Needs c.) Esteem Needs
Liveware
Misinterpretation of procedures, badly written manuals, poorly designed checklists, untested or difficult to use computer software of the SHELL Model a.) Hardware b.) Software c.) Liveware
Installing Components Incorrectly
Most engine-related incidents are due to: a.) Installing worn or old components b.) Installing components incorrectly c.) Installing Dirty connectors
Hardware
Not enough tools, inappropriate equipment, and poor aircraft design for maintainability are under what element of the SHELL Model? a.) Liveware b.) Software c.) Hardware
Slips, Mistakes, Violations
Professor James Reason explains that errors by aircraft mechanics fall into one of three categories. These categories are: a.) Slips, Mistakes, Violations b.) Failure, Fatigue, and Distractions c.) Technique, Fatigue, Distractions
Environment
Uncomfortable workplace, inadequate hangar space, extreme temperatures, excessive noise and poor lighting are under what element of the Shell Model? a.) Liveware b.) Environment c.) Software
A disorder of the finger which may occur through continuous use of pneumatic tools because of reduced blood flow
What is a White Finger? a.) A skin disorder caused by extensive contact with oils and solvent b.) A disorder of the finger which may occur through continuous use of pneumatic tools because of reduced blood flow c.) A reaction when the white blood cells die and contaminate
Incomplete Installation
What is the most common cause of in-flight engine shutdown? a.) Complete installation b.) Incomplete Installation c.) Foreign Object Damage
Commission
What type of human error does "Accomplishing a task incorrectly" belong to? a.) Omission b.) Extraneous c.) Commission
Environment
A component of SHELL Model that includes the context in which aircraft and the aviation operational system resources function are made up of physical, organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social variables that impact the worker/ operator a.) Environment b.) Software c.) Liveware
Software
A component of SHELL Model that includes the non-physical, intangible aspects of aviation which regulate the operational structure and how system information is organized, prevented, and transferred to the people operating within the system. a.) Software b.) Environment c.) Liveware
Hardware
A component of SHELL Model that includes the physical elements of the aviation operational system such as aircraft (including controls, surfaces, display, functional system and seating), operator equipment, tools, materials, building, vehicles, computers, conveyor belts, etc. a.) Hardware b.) Liveware c.) Software
Liveware
A component of the SHELL Model consists of the people operating in the aviation system. This includes the flight crews cabin personnel, ground crew, scheduler, dispatcher, maintenance workers, management, and administration personnel. It also considers the user's cognitive and physical performance, capabilities, and limitations a.) Software b.) Hardware c.) Liveware
Direct Peer Pressure
A type of peer pressure that is very specific to a behavior-based conformity. This is when a person uses verbal or non-verbal cues to persuade someone to do something a.) Unspoken Peer Pressure b.) Direct Peer Pressure c.) Spoken Peer Pressure
Output Characteristics
After perceiving and processing information, the output involves making a decision, taking action, and verification through a feedback loop to ensure proper action was taken a.) Input characteristics b.) Information Processing c.) Output Characteristics
Love and Belongingness Needs
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, humans need Interpersonal relationships that motivate behaviors including friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, and receiving & giving affection. What hierarchy of needs do these belong to? a.) Self-Actualization Needs b.) Love and Belongingness Needs c.) Esteem Needs
Liveware - Liveware
An interaction between the human operator and any person in the aviation system during the performance of associated tasks. It encompasses the interrelationship amongst the individuals within and between the different operator groups a.) Liveware - Hardware b.) Liveware - Liveware c.) Liveware - Software
Liveware - Software
An interaction between the human operator and the non-physical supporting systems that exist within the workplace. They involve designing software to match the interactions of the human users. Ensuring that the software is capable of being implemented and addressing the human system behaviors. a.) Liveware - Software b.) Liveware - Hardware c.) Liveware - Environment
Environmental Characteristics
In order for people to function effectively, the environment must be maintained within an optimal window and therefore their performance and well-being is affected by physical environment factors such as temperature, vibration, and noise. a.) Input characteristics b.) Output Characteristics c.) Environmental characteristics
Physical Size and Shape
In the design of any workplace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements and movements which will vary according to age and gender groups a.) Input characteristics b.) Physical Size and Shape c.) Fuel Equipment
Long Term Memory
It appears to be unlimited; used to store information that is not currently being used including knowledge of the physical world and objects within it, personal experiences, belief about people, social norms, motor programs, problem solving skills, and plans for achieving various activities a.) Long term Memory b.) Ultra Short-Term Memory c.) Short Term Memory
Ultra Short-Term Memory
It is actuated when examining the role of sensory stores. It has a duration of up to 2 seconds (depending on the sense) and is used as a buffer. a.) Ultra Short-Term Memory b.) Short term memory c.) Long term Memory
Memory
It is considered to be the storage and retention of information, experience and knowledge, as well as ability to retrieve information a.) Long term Memory b.) Memory c.) Short term memory
Complacency
It is self - satisfaction as accompanied by loss of awareness of the danger stress a.) Stress b.) Complacency c.) Norms
Short term Memory
It receives a proportion of the information into sensory stores and allows us to store information long enough to use it. It can store only a relatively small amount of information at one time. a.) Ultra Short-term Memory b.) Long term Memory c.) Short term Memory
Episodic Memory
It refers to memory of specific events such as our past experiences including people, events and objects. It is heavily influenced by a person's expectations of what should've happened. a.) Episodic Memory b.) Long term Memory c.) Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
It refers to our store of general and factual knowledge about concepts, rules and one's own language. It is information that is not tied to where and when the knowledge was originally acquired. a.) Semantic Memory b.) Long term Memory c.) Episodic Memory
Human Error
John and Nancy have been tasked with completing a hydraulic pump inspection. John is 5 ft 9 in tall, Nancy is 5 ft 6 in tall. What could result if Nancy is not tall enough to accomplish the task? a.) Human Error b.) Personal Reference c.) Complacency
Cognitive Needs
Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning, and predictability belong to what hierarchy of needs? a.) Cognitive Needs b.) Aesthetic Needs c.) Transcendence Needs
Safety Needs
Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, and freedom from fear belong to what hierarchy of needs? a.) Safety Needs b.) Love and Belongingness Needs c.) Physiological Needs
Self - Actualization Needs
Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences - a desire to become everything one is capable of becoming, belongs to what hierarchy of needs a.) Physiological Needs b.) Self - Actualization Needs c.) Esteem Needs
Liveware
Relationships with other people, shortage of manpower, lack of supervision, and lack of support from managers are under what element of the SHELL Model? a.) Liveware b.) Hardware c.) Environment
Software - Hardware - Environment - Liveware
SHELL Model in human factors stands for: a.) Software - Hardware - Environment - Logfile b.) Software - Hardware - Environment - Liveware c.) Software - Hardware - Entitlement - Liveware
External Environment
The environment component that includes the physical environment outside the immediate work area such as weather, terrain, and congested airspace. It also includes physical infrastructure including airports, as well as the organizational, economic, regulatory, political, and social elements a.) Internal Environment b.) External Environment c.) All of the above
Internal Environment
The environment component that relates to the immediate work area and includes physical factors such as cabin/cockpit temperature, air pressure, humidity, noise, vibration, and ambient light levels a.) External Environment b.) All of the above c.) Internal Environment
Human Error
The incident where a 737 lost oil from both engines is a direct result of? a.) Engine Vibration b.) Human Error c.) Poor Design
Liveware - Hardware
The interaction between the human operator and the machine. It involves the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit, or equipment with the anthropological needs of the users. Also involves considering the different tasks to be performed during normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures a.) Liveware - Environment b.) Liveware - Software c.) Liveware - Hardware
Physiological Needs
These are biological requirements for human survival (air, food, drinks, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, and sleep). What hierarchy of needs do these belong to? a.) Physiological Needs b.) Safety Needs c.) Esteem Needs
Peers
They are the people who you socialize with, or someone who is like someone else often shares similar histories, ages, abilities, and characteristics a.) Peer Pressure b.) Peer Group c.) Peers
