Human Physiology Ch 2
How many enzymes are used for the process of glycolysis?
10
How much more powerful are modern electron microscopes compared to light microscopes?
100x
on average how many lysosomes do cells contain
300
How many chromosomes do regular human cells contain?
46
Vault
Cellular "truck" for transporting from nucleus to cytoplasm
Intermediary metabolism enzymes
Degrades, synthesizes, and transforms small organic molecules
Adipose tissue stores the greatest amount of glycogen.
False (
Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for secretion and for construction of new cell components.
False (
Lysosomes fuse with aged or damaged cells and completely degrade them.
False (
Mitochondria are responsible for generating ATP from oxygen.
False (
The Golgi complex houses the cell's genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
False (
The plasma membrane is a thin membranous structure that encloses each cell and is composed mainly of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules.
False (
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
False (in the mitochondrial inner membrane)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes.
False (the rough ER has ribosomes)
Centrosome & centrioles
Forms and organizes microtubule cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Forms new cell membrane components & other components, gets products ready for secretion
Order of 3 ATP production steps
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Microtubules
Keeps asymmetrical shape, coordinates complex cell movements, and acts as a highway for secretory vesicles
Mitochondria
Major site of ATP production, contains enzymes for citric acid cycle, proteins for electron transport cycle, and ATP synthase
Golgi complex
Modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins.
Microfilaments
Muscle contraction and amoeboid movement
What is the main role of the mitochondria within cells
POWER plant
Peroxisome
Performs detoxification activities using oxidative enzymes
Intermediate filaments
Relieves mechanical stress
What structures make up the endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER, ribosomes, and smooth ER
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Inclusions
Stores excess nutrients
Lysosome
The cell's digestive system by destroying foreign substances and debris
Aerobic respiration yields a greater number of ATP molecules than does anaerobic respiration.
True
Glycolysis yields two net molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.
True
Microtubules are a structural and functional component of the flagella.
True
Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) contains the genetic codes for producing many of the molecules the mitochondria need to generate energy.
True
Newly synthesized raw materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) travel through the layers of the Golgi stack, from the innermost stack closest to the ER to the outermost stack near the plasma membrane
True
The cells of the human body are so small they cannot be seen by the unaided eye.
True
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of stacks of relatively flattened interconnected sacs whereas the smooth ER is a meshwork of tiny interconnected tubes.
True
What is the smallest structural/functional unit capable of carrying out life processes?
a cell
What is the average size (in diameter) of a typical human cell?
a. about 10 to 20 micrometers
In addition to the main types of RNA, what are the newly discovered regulatory RNA types called?
a. microRNA and small interfering RNA
An organism's structure and function ultimately depend on what two factors within its cells?
collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities
Glycolysis occurs in the.. It creates.. What kind of respiration?
cytosol 2 ATP anaerobic and aerobic
A cell's cytoplasm consists of
cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton
What is the genetic material in a cell's nucleus called?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What emerging science studies environmentally induced modifications of a gene's activity that do not involve a change in the gene's DNA code?
epigenetics
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the.. It creates.. What kind of respiration?
mitochondrial inner membrane 32 ATP aerobic
The citric acid cycle occurs in the.. It creates.. What kind of respiration?
mitochondrial matrix 2 ATP aerobic
How many molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle?
one
Pseudopods are characteristic of what form of endocytosis?
phagocytosis
The endoplasmic reticulum can be thought of as a cellular factory that produces what two compounds?
proteins and lipids
What type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is made of tubules and lumens
smooth ER
What are the two major parts of a cell's interior?
the nucleus and cytoplasm
How many primary types of RNA play roles in protein synthesis within cells?
three
What is the type of RNA called that delivers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site at the ribosome?
transfer RNA