Human Physiology Ch 2

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How many enzymes are used for the process of glycolysis?

10

How much more powerful are modern electron microscopes compared to light microscopes?​

100x

on average how many lysosomes do cells contain

300

How many chromosomes do regular human cells contain?

46

Vault

Cellular "truck" for transporting from nucleus to cytoplasm

Intermediary metabolism enzymes

Degrades, synthesizes, and transforms small organic molecules

Adipose tissue stores the greatest amount of glycogen.

False (

Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for secretion and for construction of new cell components.

False (

Lysosomes fuse with aged or damaged cells and completely degrade them.

False (

Mitochondria are responsible for generating ATP from oxygen.

False (

The Golgi complex houses the cell's genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

False (

The plasma membrane is a thin membranous structure that encloses each cell and is composed mainly of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules.

False (

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.

False (in the mitochondrial inner membrane)

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes.

False (the rough ER has ribosomes)

Centrosome & centrioles

Forms and organizes microtubule cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic reticulum

Forms new cell membrane components & other components, gets products ready for secretion

Order of 3 ATP production steps

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Microtubules

Keeps asymmetrical shape, coordinates complex cell movements, and acts as a highway for secretory vesicles

Mitochondria

Major site of ATP production, contains enzymes for citric acid cycle, proteins for electron transport cycle, and ATP synthase

Golgi complex

Modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins.

Microfilaments

Muscle contraction and amoeboid movement

What is the main role of the mitochondria within cells

POWER plant

Peroxisome

Performs detoxification activities using oxidative enzymes

Intermediate filaments

Relieves mechanical stress

What structures make up the endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER, ribosomes, and smooth ER

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Inclusions

Stores excess nutrients

Lysosome

The cell's digestive system by destroying foreign substances and debris

Aerobic respiration yields a greater number of ATP molecules than does anaerobic respiration.

True

Glycolysis yields two net molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

True

Microtubules are a structural and functional component of the flagella.

True

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) contains the genetic codes for producing many of the molecules the mitochondria need to generate energy.

True

Newly synthesized raw materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) travel through the layers of the Golgi stack, from the innermost stack closest to the ER to the outermost stack near the plasma membrane

True

The cells of the human body are so small they cannot be seen by the unaided eye.

True

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of stacks of relatively flattened interconnected sacs whereas the smooth ER is a meshwork of tiny interconnected tubes.

True

What is the smallest structural/functional unit capable of carrying out life processes?

a cell

What is the average size (in diameter) of a typical human cell?

a. ​about 10 to 20 micrometers

In addition to the main types of RNA, what are the newly discovered regulatory RNA types called?

a. ​microRNA and small interfering RNA

An organism's structure and function ultimately depend on what two factors within its cells?​

collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities

Glycolysis occurs in the.. It creates.. What kind of respiration?

cytosol 2 ATP anaerobic and aerobic

A cell's cytoplasm consists of

cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton

What is the genetic material in a cell's nucleus called?

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What emerging science studies environmentally induced modifications of a gene's activity that do not involve a change in the gene's DNA code?

epigenetics

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the.. It creates.. What kind of respiration?

mitochondrial inner membrane 32 ATP aerobic

The citric acid cycle occurs in the.. It creates.. What kind of respiration?

mitochondrial matrix 2 ATP aerobic

How many molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle?

one

Pseudopods are characteristic of what form of endocytosis?

phagocytosis

The endoplasmic reticulum can be thought of as a cellular factory that produces what two compounds?

proteins and lipids

What type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is made of tubules and lumens

smooth ER

What are the two major parts of a cell's interior?

the nucleus and cytoplasm

How many primary types of RNA play roles in protein synthesis within cells?

three

What is the type of RNA called that delivers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site at the ribosome?​

transfer RNA


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