Human Rights Study Guide
Why was the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights significant?
Affirmed the commitment of the international community to Human Rights
precolonial
The time before a region or country became a colony
How do social movements promote human rights?
They influence governments to abide human rights more strictly
When do international courts play a role in human rights cases?
Trying individuals accused of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes
Example of economic policies that national governments use to promote human rights
trade agreements, embargo's
polarization
two arguments so opposite, they are like they are on opposite sides of the world.
ideological disputes
two different beliefs disagreeing.
human rights in Christianity
underscores the importance of reducing human suffering and loving others as one would love oneself
legitimacy
undisputed credibility
war crimes
Crimes against peace, crimes against humanity and violating the rules of war as well as genocide
give examples of rights that, according to international law, may never be suspended
Prohibition of torture, prohibition of slavery and the freedom of thought and religion may never be suspended
colonial powers
Put the ruling countries powers on the colony
List the four freedoms President Roosevelt said were necessary for a secure and peaceful future
Right to speech, expression, freedom from want and freedom from fear
colonial rule
When one country rules over another
human rights in Islam
highlights charity and justice
labor standards
minimum terms conditions and benefits of employment that employers must provide or comply with and to which employees are entitled as a matter of legal right.
indigenous
native to a particular place
secular
non-religious
human rights in Judaism
pose guidelines for ethical behavior
human rights in Hinduism
promote the sacredness of life
economic and social rights
related to work, fair pay, and leisure; social rights concerning an adequate standard of living for health, well-being and education; and the right to participate in the cultural life of the community
civil and political rights
right to life, liberty and personal security, freedom from slavery, torture and arbitrary arrest, as well as the rights to a fair trial, free speech, free movement, and privacy
New rights stated in the Declaration of Independence
right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
human rights in Chinese philosophy
rooted in a belief of common humanity, promoted respect for others
self determination
the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will
universality
the ability to be universal or relative through all generations
international law
the body of laws governing relations between nations and declares that certain rights: prohibition of torture, slavery and freedom of thought and religion may never be suspended
gender
the state of being male or female
serfdom
the system of using serfs to work the government's land in return for protection against barbarian invasions and for places to live
Example of military policies that national governments use to promote human rights
war crimes, courts
tribunal
were established to try individuals who violated rights during a particular conflict
universal rights
A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.
autocratic
having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial
multinational corporations
Corporations operating across international boundaries
industrialized countries
Countries that depend on industries rather than agriculture
What rights were emphasized by the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
The Soviet Union emphasized social, economical and cultural rights
state sovereignty
The absolute authority of the state to govern itself free of outside interference
suffrage
The right to vote
coalitions
The teaming up of two powers, created when several nations sharing common interests create an alliance to increase their resources and political clout.
after a national government ratifies an international human rights treaty, what is it obligated to do?
After a country signs and ratifies an international human rights treaty, it becomes obligated to respect and promote the rights set forth in that treaty
List two reasons why human rights have become a component of countries' foreign policies
Diplomacy, and in justification of policies and embargo
According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, when is it acceptable for governments to infringe upon human rights?
During a public emergency or when it threatens the life or the country.
What rights were emphasized by the United States during the Cold War?
During the Cold War, the rights emphasized by the United States were Civil and Political Rights
List three ways that decolonization affected international human rights.
No colonization Strengthen voting rights Stopped racial discrimination
nonstate actors
Independent agency that is not the government
atrocities
Inhumane crimes
trade agreements
Intergovernmental agreements designed to manage and promote trade activities for specific regions. Governments may fold human rights provision into trade agreements or impose trade embargoes and economic penalties on countries that violate human rights
authoritarian
One person makes all the laws
Explain what is meant by the "paradox" of U.S. human rights policy.
It at times places its political interests above conforming to international human rights agreements and standards
What new rights were proclaimed by the U.S. Constitution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
covenants
a covenant is an unconditional promise to perform. nonperformance of a covenant is a breach of contract that gives the other party the right to sue
embargo
a government order preventing trade with another country
foreign policy
a policy governing international relations. Many countries use these policies to promote human rights abroad.
international treaties
agreements between or among independent nations, have established widely accepted standards for human rights, setting standards is the first step in promoting human rights
self rule
control of one's government
human rights in Buddhism
emphasize equality and encourage compassion towards others
human rights in Africa Philosophy
emphasized the importance of the well-being of individuals and communities and sought to shield people from mistreatment by those in power
Example of diplomatic policies that national governments use to promote human rights
foreign policy, international human rights treaties, international coalitions
globalization
growth to a global or worldwide scale
