Human Sexuality; Chapter 18 -- Sexual Coercion
Myths about rape
-women say no when they mean yes -all women like a man who is pushy and forceful -they ask to be raped (by the way they dress)s -women want to be raped
Most common type of CSA
genital fondling; 40% of cases
Least common form of incest
mother/daughter
Rape by women is
rare
Major motivator of gang rape
*power*
Why do many women chose not to report their rape to officials?
Many don't because they worry they'll be humiliated by the CJ system; others fear what their families will think
What kind of incest is the most common? -brother/sister -father/daughter -mother/daughter
-brother/sister
what do pedophiles believe
-children are sexual beings who want to have sex with adults -sex does not harm the child. might actually be helpful
How does the CDC define rape and according to this definition, how many women have been raped
As completed forced penetration, forced penetration facilitated by alcohol or other substances, and or attempted forced penetration -- according to this 1% of females in the past year (1.3 million US women annually!)
Many rapists and molesters may be assigned group therapy; why?
Because although they can fool counselors they won't as easily fool one another
T or F; there is or can be one single type of rapist
F;they vary greatly
Dept of Justice estimates that ________rape survivors is a man
1 to 10
only about ____ of women in a national college survey who had been sexually assaulted has seen themselves as rape vicims
1/3
Two our of three female rape victims are between the ages of
11 and 24
According to David Finkelhor, how many children are abused annually (sexually)
200,000 to 300,000 *estimated*
Within their lifetime, how many women have had an incidence of sexual assault? One in ___ had been raped at some point in their life
5
Average age at which most children are first sexually abused
6-12 years old for girls and 7-10 for boys
About 1 in ___ men have been raped at some point in their lives
71
How many rapes have the FBI reported in 2011?
84, 767 forcible rapes
most of the cases of sexual harassment reported are advances made by men; this totals up to about ____ of all cases
99%
Why is it good that the term sexual assault was derived?
Because forcible and statutory rape imply that an insertion of the penis had happened, whereas this is not the case with all rapes -- some may insert a broomstick handle or other penis like objects for penetration; this also includes the use of forced oral sex which again wouldn't be 'covered' in statutory and forcible rape bylaws
Most women fail to report sexual assaults to the police; why?
Because they may have fears of retaliation, the social stigma attached to the survivors of rape, doubts that others will believe them, feelings that it would be hopeless to try and bring chargers against the perp., concerns about negative publicity, and fears about the emotional distress to which they would be subjected if the case were to go trial
T or F; Koss college survey showed that sexual assaults involving an individual assault rather than a group of assailants tend to be more vicious
F; group > individual
Virgins who were raped within the protection of the city gates would also be stoned by the ______. It was thought they could have maintained their purity by _____
Hebrews; crying out
Date rape is a form of
acquaintance rape
Children who are sexually abused may suffer from a pluthera of short and long term consequences such as
anger, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, inappropriate sexual behavior, aggressive behavior, self destructive behavior, sexual promiscuity, drug abuse, suicide attempts, PTSD, low self esteem, sexual dysfunction, and feelings of detachment
Some female abusers may be motivated by
anger, revenge, powerlessness, or jealousy, and may view their own and other's children as safe targets for venting these feelings
Rape can be in part motivated by 3 different factors; or by a combination of all three
anger, striving towards power, and sadism
Sexual assault
any sexual activity that involves the use of force or the threat of force --- umbrella term
Most male rapes are/are not reported
are not
Do rapists have normal or below average IQ levels?
average
Why is it difficult to study the rapists behind bars
because they obviously failed along the way; they want the study the ones who havnet been caught yet for their crimes/actions
What kind of symptoms do rape victims exhibit; acute or chronic?
chronic (enduring)
Some men see sex as a solution to
disputes
Because the maj. of cases of CSA go unreported during childhood, psychotherapy in adulthood may/can be
the first opportunity for survivors to confront left over feelings of pain, anger, and misplaced guilt
The decision to report the abuse to the police depends largely on
the relationship between the abuser and the person who discovers the abuse
Sexual contact between and adult and a child is illegal and abusive, even if the child is willing because
they are legally incapable of giving consent
How can play therapy be helpful in aiding children who have undergone CSA?
they draw depictions of family members; may draw dad with a penis -- thus raises some questions
What might a woman due in order to 'help' rape another?
Lure another woman so a safe place to commit the act; hold the other woman down while the act ensues
What makes sexual harassment so stressful?
Majority of the blame falls on the victim
Why may many female sexual abusers to unrecognized by the system?
Society accords them a much freer range of physical contact with children than does it men; they fondle a child-affectionate
T or F; blaming the victim of rape is an age-old tradition
T
T or F; gang members often believe that once women engage in coitus they are "whores"
T
T or F; no one knows how many children are sexually abused annually
T
T or F; partner rapes are probably more common than date rapes because a sexual relationship has already been established
T
T or F; parents who discover that their child has been abused by a family member are often reluctant to notify authorities
T; may feel as if they are 'family matters' and are to be dealt within the family
Why are the stats in conjunction to rape often inconsistent?
They report and study only reported rapes; many are unfortunately not reported to authorities though
Some female abusers have histories of becoming depend on, or rejected by
abusive males; others appear to have unmet emotional needs and low self-esteem and may have been seeking acceptance, closeness, and attention through sexual acts with children
Stranger rape
accounts for only about 4% of all rapes; selects targets that are vulnerable -- these rapes are very predetermined
When rape by woman does occur it usually involves
aiding or abetting men who are attacking another woman (think bar scene in Philly)
Pedophiles -
almost all male; some may just have the desire and not actually act on such fantasies; may shower child with gifts to keep them quiet or may threaten them to remain silent
Many survivors are in crisis in the _______ that follow the rape; they have insomnia and cry frequently
days and weeks
for the first few thousand years, the only rapes that were punished were those that
defiled virgins; these were considered crimes against property and not necessarily crimes against the person
sexual harassment
deliberate or repeated unsolicited verbal comments, gestures or physical contact of a sexual nature that is considered unwelcome by the recipient ; can and does make the workplace a hostile place -- gestures range from unwelcome sexual jokes, overtures, suggestive comments, and sexual innuendos to outright sexual assault, and may include behaviors
Traditionally men could not be convicted of rape if it occurred within a marriage; what allowed for this?
derived from the English common law that held a woman "gave herself" to her husband when she becomes his wife and cannot retract her consent
Motivators of male rape
domination, control, revenge, and retaliation, sadism, and degradation, status and affiliation
Personality traits of pedophiles
emotionally unstable, disagreeable, angry, impulsive, and mistrustful
Acquaintance rape
even less likely than stranger rapes to be reported; one reason is that the rape survivors may not perceive sexual assaults by acquaintances as rapes. when reported may be dumbed down to 'lovers quarrels' or 'misunderstandings' rather than a serious, violent crime (accounts for about 83% of all rapes)
Sexual abuse of children ranges from
exhibitionism, kissing, fondling, and sexual touching to oral sex and anal intercourse, and with girls vaginal intercourse
How men see sexual assault
focus on their own feelings and ignore those of the victim and act on their sexual frustration when the opp sex says its time to call it quits -- the more the individual focuses on their own wants and ignores those of the opp sex the more likely one is to commit rape
In the ancient Babylonian and Hebrew cultures, the wife was seen as _____ of adultery
guitly
Cases of date rape often come down ultimately to
he said, she said
Children from poorer, single parent or step families appear to be generally at
higher risks of encountering sexual abuse
Rape survivors are at a _________ risk of developing anxiety disorders and depression, and of abusing alcohol and other substances
higher than average
pedophilia
in which an adult finds children to be the preferred and sometimes exclusive objects of sexual desire
Finkelhor found that 21% of college men and 39% of college women reported
incestuous relationships with a sibling of the other sex
Once in prison rapists and molesters may undergo empathy training, how does this help?
intended to increase the offender's sensitivity to his victims; they may write about their crimes from the perspective of their victims
Incest
involves people who are related, usually by blood, --- sometimes allowed in the royal families but otherwise seen as a taboo
How/Why does castration help?
it reduced testosterone levels and consequently the offender's sex drives
Motives of partner rape
just purely sex, to degrade through sex (especially after arguments),
Rape myths create a social climate that
legitimizes rape
Children from stable, middle-class families appear to be generally at
lower risk of encountering sexual abuse
Main problem in chemical castration
many offenders won't voluntarily receive shots after they are released
If striving towards power is motivation to rapist
may seek to control and dominate the victim
older (sexually abused) children
may turn to substance abuse, may retreat to fanasty or refuse to leave the house -- display regressive behaviors
male adolescent sex offenders are more likely than other adolescents to have been
molested themselves as boys
The (more/less) traditional a man is the more likely they are to commit rape, accept violence against women, and to blame rape survivors, and are more aroused by depictions of rape
more
Fathers who abuse ____ daughters are more likely to be domineering and authoritarian with their families
older
Date rape; as many as ______________ reports being forced into sexual intercourse by dates
one college woman in four
Most women are raped by _____
people they know; NOT strangers (accounts for about 83% of rapes)
Many male rapes occur in
prison settings or in military settings
What is crucial to know in the treatment of rapists and child molesters>
rapists and child molesters are not patients -- they are *criminals*
Most abusers are close to the child; they may be
relatives, steprelatives, family friends, and neighbors
In their classic study, Gebhard and his colleagues found that many fathers who committed incest with their daughters were
religiously devout, fundamentalist, and moralistic (it would be unmoral to cheat so instead they turn to the daughter to keep it in the family)
How women see sexual assault
see themselves as being overpowered and deeply hurt
Forcible rape
sexual activity obtained by the use of force or the threat of force
Rape
sexual activity that takes place without consent; forcible rape and statutory rape are examples of this
Statutory rape
sexual activity with a person below the age of consent, even when the victim cooperates; includes those who cannot give consent (disabled persons)
Forcible rape is a form of
sexual assault
Children who are sexually assaulted often suffer
social and emotional problems that impair their development and persist into adulthood, affecting their self-esteem and their ability to form intimate relationships
Survivors of partner rape may be as fearful as survivors of _______ of serious injury and or death
stranger rape
Types of rape
stranger rape, acquaintance rape, partner rape, and rape by females
younger (sexually abused) children may have
tantrums or display aggressive or antisocial behavior
Prevention for CSA
teach children what is and isnt considered sexual abuse; learn to avoid strangers, and what is good versus bad touching
Date rapists may believe that
the acceptance of a date indicates willingness to have sexual relations
if sadism is motivation to the rapist
they may become for vicious, may torture or even kill their victims
If anger is motivation to rapist
usually motivates the rapist to use more force than needed to obtain compliance and to force the victim into degrading and humiliating acts
In Ancient Babylonia, the rape laws applied to married women as well and it required that the assailant and ____ be to bound and thrown into a river
victim
Rapists have an anti-social tendency that allows them to
violate their victims without guilt, shame, anxiety, or empathy
Fathers who abuse ____ daughters are more likely to be passive, dependent, and low in self-esteem
younger
