Human Sexuality Exam 2
autoerotic asphyxiation
Cutting off one's air supply to enhance one's orgasm but misjudging the extent of doing so such that accidental death occurs.
T/F Heterosexuals are twice as likely as homosexuals to have a mood disorder
False
T/F androgynous individuals have lower self-esteem than "masculine" individual
False
T/F female body image dissatisfaction ends by the late 30s
False
T/F men are more likely to say "I love you" to a romantic partner first
False
yin
In Chinese thought, the female force that is seen as passive. vaginal fluids thought to be inexhaustible
yang
In Chinese thought, the male force that is viewed as active. semen, viewed as precious
manscaping
Removal of body hair by men (mostly single) as a grooming behavior to present one's best sexual self to one's partner.
asceticism
belief that rising about carnal lust and the pursuit of sensual pleasure into. life of self-discipline and self-denial is desirable Catholic priests, nuns, etc.
heterosexism
belief, stated or implied, that heterosexuality is superior (e.g., morally, socially, emotionally, and behaviorally) to homosexuality
according to one study, which group is viewed the most negatively
bisexual men
cystitis
bladder infection
sexual fluidity
capacity for variation in one's erotic responses depending on the situation
____________ refers to the condition of being unmarried and refraining from having sexual intercourse, although a person who practices celibacy is not necessarily a virgin
celibacy
conversion therapy is focused on what
changing homosexuals' sexual orientation
primary sex characteristics
characteristics that differentiate women and men, such as external genitalia (vulva and penis), gonads (ovaries and testes), sex chromosomes (XX and XY), and hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
Plan B
a high dose progestin pill that acts to prevent ovulation or fertilization of an egg can reduce the change of pregnancy by 89% most effective if taken 24 hours after exposure
menarche
first menstruation (occurs around 12-13)
infancy
first year of life following birth
triad
generally includes three sexually involved adults
during puberty the hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland to release ____________ into the bloodstream
gonadotropins; these hormones cause the testes in the male to increase testosterone production, as well as the ovaries in the female to increase estrogen production
most worldwide HIV infection occurs through ___________ transmission
heterosexual
___________ is attraction to persons of the same sex
homosexual
romantics believe
in love at first sight, one true love, and that love conquers all
which of the following is a similarity between love and sex?
involves physiological changes
all the following are considered advantages of female superior position EXCEPT
it is more relaxing compared to other positions
which of the following in NOT TRUE about stalking?
it usually does not cause great emotional distress for the recipient
which of the following is considered a limitation of rear entry position
lack of face-to-face contact
this theory focuses on the role of reinforcement of early patterns of sexual behavior
learning theory
tertiary relationships
less emotionally intimate, sometimes with long distance or more casual partners
analingus
licking and/or insertion of the tongue into the partner's anus rimming
real-life experience
living in the social role of the other sex for a year, prior to beginning hormonal or surgical therapy
approximately 50,000 new cases of HIV are reported annually, and _____________ sexual contact is the most common mode of transmission in the United States with 29,700 infections reported annually
male-to-male
behavioral androgyny
refers to the blending or reverasal of traditional male and female behavior, so that a biological male may be very passive, gentle, and nurturing and a bilogical female may be very assertive, rough, and selfish.
sex
refers to the sum of biological characteristics that define the spectrum of humans as females and males. This would include anatomical characteristics that determine gender. The term sex emphasizes the physical attributes and activates related to being male or female.
gender dysphoria
the condition in which one's gender identity does not match one's biological sex
exogamy
the cultural expectation that one will marry outside the family group
which of the following is a rule of an open relationship
the partners have veto power openness about your feelings partner must approve of person prior to sex
spice
the poly word for more than one spouse
homogamy theory
theory of mate selection that holds that individuals are attracted to and become involved with those who are similar in such characteristics as age, race, religion, and social class
three-person relationships in which one member is sexually connected to each of the two others is known as
vees
sexual health
would be the relationship between multiple factors ranging from sexual behaviors, attitudes, societal factors, and biological factors such as genetic predisposition
compersion
"Opposite" of jealousy whereby a person feels positive about a lover's emotional and sexual enjoyment with another person.
dichotomous model
(Also referred to as the "either-or" model of sexuality) Way of conceptualizing sexual orientation that prevails not only in views on sexual orientation, but also in cultural understandings of biological sex (male vs. female) and gender (masculine vs. feminine). major criticism? ignores the existence of bisexuality
coming out
(shortened form of "coming our of the closet") sequence of defining one's self as homosexual in sexual orientation and disclosing one's self-identification to others
cons of masturbation
- feeling of being abnormal - strengthened attraction to inappropriate stimuli - guilt
myths about masturbation
- masturbation causes insanity, headaches, epilepsy, acne, blindness, nosebleeds, "masturbator's heart", tenderness of the breasts, warts, nymphomania, undesirable odor, and hair on palms -masturbation is an abnormal, unnatural behavior -masturbation is immature -masturbation is practiced mostly by simple-minded people -masturbation is a substitute for intercourse/ is antisocial
data from 143 adolescent African American males revealed parent-child closeness was........
- positively correlated with amount of parent child sexual communication with both parents - associated with greater condom use, less permissive sexual attitudes, fewer sexual partners, and less unprotected sex (side note: males communicated more with mothers than fathers)
influences of human sexuality
- reproduction - anatomy and physiology - behaviors - emotions -values - sexual self concept thoughts - interpersonal relationships -reproduction
5 attitudes about homosexuality
1. general attitude - homosexuality considered normal or abnormal? 2. equal rights 3. close quarters - feelings about having a gay neighbor or lesbian colleague 4. public display 5. modern homonegativity - feeling that homosexuality is accepted in society and that various special attention are unncessary
how heterosexuals are affected by homophobia
1. heterosexual victims of hate crimes 2. concern, fear, and grief over well-being of gay or lesbian family members and friends 3. restriction of intimacy and self-expression 4. dysfunctional sexual behavior 5. School shootings 6. loss of rights for individuals in unmarried relationships
how do women differ from men in regard to relationships and sexuality in a number of ways
1. importance of relationship commitment (females more involved) 2. body image 3. masturbation 4. expressing love 5. sexual thoughts 6. orgasm 7. number of partners
SSRS score 38-above - higher risk
16% were in this category thoughts and behaviors are less supportive of safer sex
how many countries have recognized same-sex couples for immigration purposes
17
what percentage of cohabitants are under the age of 25
18 percent
what percent of undergraduate males and females reported that they had been stalked?
18%; 28%
the largest percent of cohabitants (36%) are between what ages
25-34
an estimated _______ of adults in the U.S., or about 700,000 individuals, self-identify as transgender
3%
neonatal death rate for babies born to adolescent women is ____________times higher than for those born in their 20s and risks of low birth weight and preterm birth are more than _____________
3; double
Violence against LGBT youth statistics
4 in 10 LGBT youth say the community in which they live is not accepting of LGBT people LGBT youth are twice as likely as their peers to say they have been physically assaulted, kicked, or shoved at school 26% of LGBT youth say their biggest problems are not feeling accepted by their family, trouble at school/bullying, and a fear to be out/open 22% of non-LGBT youth say their biggest problems are trouble with class, exams, and grades.
sexual fantasies on the job: sexual relationship at the office
41% fantasized about it 24% experienced it
in a probability sample of gay and bisexual men, _________ reported that they were currently married
42%
what percentage of U.S. adults favor same sex marriage
51%
what percent of a national survey of workers revealed that they know a married co-worker who has had an office affair
53 percent
SSRS score 15-37 - average risk
68% were in this category "average" people can get HIV rate of HIV among college students is 10 times that in the general heterosexual population
what percent of all adults in the US today age 65 or older have married
96 percent
family balancing
Act of selecting the sex of a child before it is conceived for a "balanced" one boy, one girl family and involves separating sperm carrying X and Y Chromosomes.
sexual fantasies
Cognitions, or thoughts and/or images, that are sexual in nature.
Homonegativity
Construct that refers to antigay responses including negative feelings (fear, disgust, anger), thoughts, and behavior.
A former sexual partner of Taylor's was recently diagnosed as HIV Positive. Taylor is afraid to get tested, because not knowing if he is infected means he does not have to deal with it. Which premise is best represented by Taylor's situation?
Decisions produce ambivalence
T/F About half of 5,000 unmarried singles reported having had sex by the third date
FALSE
T/F SIECUS takes the position that all individuals should choose to masturbate
FALSE
oedipal complex
Freud's term based on the legend of the Greek youth Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother; involves the young boy's awakening sexual feelings for his mother as he becomes aware he has a penis and his mother does not.
benefits of coming out
Higher levels of acceptance from parents Lower levels of alcohol and drug consumption Fewer identity and adjustment problems sense of relief
transsexuals
Persons with the biological/anatomical sex of one gender (e.g., male) but the self-concept of the other sex (e.g., female).
amniocentesis
Prenatal test in which a needle is inserted (usually in the 16th or 17th week of pregnancy) into the pregnant woman's uterus to withdraw fluid that is analyzed to see if the cells carry XX(female) or XY(male) chromosomes, and to identify chromosomal defects
heterosexuality
Sexual orientation whereby the predominance of emotional and sexual attraction is to persons of the other sex.
4 stages of identity development
Stage 1: First awareness or realization that one is "different" (often before puberty Stage 2: Test and exploration (teenage years) Stage 3: Identity acceptance (define themselves as homosexual or bisexual) - gay men arrive at homosexual self-definitions between ages 19-21 - occurs after initial same sex experience - women arrive at homosexual self-definitions between ages 21-23 - occurs after developing an emotional intimate, loving same-sex relationship Stage 4: Identity integration (pride and commitment, disclosing orientation to others)
T/F Lesbian relationships are happier than heterosexual relationships
True
T/F bisexual women report the worst mental health in terms of anxiety, anger and depressive symptoms
True
semenarche
a boy's first seminal ejaculation (occurs around age 13 or 14)
paid sex
a spouse seeks sexual variety with a prostitute who will do whatever the spouse wants
how many of the 429 undergraduates regretted having intercourse too soon in a relationship
almost a third
_______________refers to oral-anal stimulation
analingus
down low
behavior of keeping one's activity private; term used to describe men who have sex with men but do not label themselves as gay or bisexual
stigma view of virginity
considers virginity as something to be ashamed of, to hide and to rid oneself of 8.4%
which of the following is NOT an effect intercourse will have on you
cultural values
a risk associated with anal intercourse that may result from bacteria from the anal region being spread to the urethral opening ?
cystitis
puberty
developmental stage in which a youth achieves reproductive capacity
bisexuality
emotional and sexual attraction to members of both sexes
jealousy
emotional response to a perceived or real threat to an important or valued relationship
T/F Most friends with benefits participants have a clear understanding of their relationship and the "rules" for their future
false
T/F Polyamory, like sexual orientation, is an innate predisposition for multiple sexual partners
false
which of the following is NOT a con of masturbation
increases risk of STI
transgenderist
individual who lives in a gender role that does not match his or her biological sex but who does not surgically alter his or her genitalia (as does a transsexual)
what is the primary reason for disapproval of same sex marriage
morality
friends with benefits
nonromantic friends who also have a sexual relationship more men (54%) than women (43%)
sexual guilt
personal emotional reaction to engaging in sexual behavior that violates personal sexual values
Which of the following did not influence the concept of love in the 1100s
religious structure
what makes a man jealous
rival's physical dominance
according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, a summer fling is an example of which type of love?
romantic
The _________ position may be preferred in the latter months of pregnancy
side by side
the ______________ position is relaxing for both partners
side by side
gender
social and psychological characteristics associated with being female or male
gender roles
social norms that dictate appropriate female and male behavior
secondary partners
tend to keep keep their lives more separate than primary partners, frequently maintain separate finances and residences, may have less intense emotional connections than primaries
T/F a significant proportion of men in the United States seeking international wives have been married before
true
T/F over half of the workers in a national survey knew of a married person involved in an office romance
true
office romance
two individuals who work together may drift into an affair
T/F Greater alcohol use is associated with intercourse with a stranger
TRUE
menopause
permanent cessation of menstruation that occurs in middle age
T/F in one study of sexually active adolescents, over 15% reported wanting to get pregnant
TRUE
T/F most teachers in public schools to use abstinence-only curriculum
TRUE
T/F most very early sexual debuts (e.g., age 12) are nonconsensual
TRUE
T/F Binge drinkers have the lowest rate of condom use
TRUE
brief encounter
a spouse meets and hooks up with a stranger.
consummate love
combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment
sexual debut
one's first sexual intercourse
virginity
state of not having experienced sexual intercourse process, stigma, gift
reasons for the increase in cohabitation include
- career or educational commitments - increased tolerance of society, parents, and peers - improved birth control technology - desire for a stable emotional and sexual relationship without legal ties - avoiding loneliness - greater disregard for convention `
arguments against same-sex marriage
- conservative morality - claim that gay marriage leads to declining marriage rates, increased divorce rates, and increased non marital births - subvert stability and integrity of the heterosexual family - point to pubic opinion polls that suggested that majority of Americans are against same sex marriage
why is a dental dam recommended over the use of anal washing as a mechanism of protection when having anal sex?
- even with thorough washing Hepatitis can still be contracted - the many folds on the inside of the anus make it impossible to remove all germs - tears in the anal tissue can expose the body to foreign antigens resulting in an infection.
Comfort with sexual matters for young adolescents (CWSMYA) participants and results
- female average score of 5.02 (more erotophilia) - male average score of 5.22 (more erotophilia) - men were more erotophilic on the comfort scale - women had greater variability in responses on the comfort scale
benefits of singlehood
- freedom, including sexual variety - responsible for one's self only - close friends of both sexes - spontaneous lifestyle - feeling of self-sufficiency - freedom to spend money as one wishes - freedom to move as career dictates - no control/ influence from spouse - no emotional or financial loss caused by divorce
advantages of polyamory
- greater variety - avoidance of hidden affairs / deception - different needs met by different people
factors associated with relationship satisfaction were the same for all couples regardless of sexual orientations
- having equal power and control - being emotionally expressive - perceiving many attractions - few alternatives to the relationship - placing a high value on attachment - sharing decision- making
disadvantages of polyamory
- having to manage feelings of jealousy - greater exposure to STI - limited time
arguments in favor of same-sex marriage
- it would promote relationship stability among gay and lesbian couples - refusing to recognize same-sex marriages granted in other states is a violation of civil rights that denies same-sex couples many legal and financial benefits - distinct wellbeing benefits - children would also benefit - there are a few religious based arguments in support of same-sex marriage
8. other sexual differences! women are
- less likely to report that they are hedonistic about sex - less likely to have hooked up - more likely to have been cheated on - more likely to have been stalked - more likely to have been pressured to have sex by a person they were dating
other sexual differences men are
- less likely to value being a committed relationship - show less concern about body issues - more likely to masturbate - less likely to say "I love you" - more likely to report thinking about sex - more likely to orgasm - more likely to have higher number of sexual partners - more likely to report being hedonistic, having hooked up, having cheated, stalked a partner, and pressuring a partner to have sex
higher scores on the SSRS (student sexual risks scale) ...
- more likely to engage in risky sexual activities
limitations of marriage
- restrictions from spouse or children - responsible for spouse and children - pressure to avoid other relationships - routine, predictable sex/ lifestyle - potential to feel dependent - money spent in reference to spouse/ children - restrictions on career mobility - potential to be controlled/ influenced by spouse - possibility of divorce
truths about masturbation
- there is no evidence that masturbation impairs physical or mental health - many people masturbate throughout their lives - is a normal function - effective way to experience sexual pleasure - many sexually active people with available partners masturbate for additional gratification - intercourse and masturbation can be viewed as complementary sexual experiences, not necessarily as mutually exclusive - masturbation can be an effective way to learn about your own sexual responses so you can communicate them to your partner can also occur during sexual interaction with one's partner
love in medieval Europe
-Not necessarily based on romance or feelings -Marriage was influenced by economics, politics, power, family status rather than love. -English revolutions of 1642 and 1688 and the French Revolution of 1789 caused aristocrat families to lose power and marriage became less political
differences between love and sex
-love is crucial for human happiness while sex is important, not crucial -love is pervasive, where as sex tends to be localized -love tends to be more selective than sex
In the Greek and Hebrew conceptions of love
-phileo refers to love based on friendship and can exist between family members, friends, and lovers --- philanthropia "love of humankind" -agape refers to a love based on concern for the well-being of others; spiritual in nature "whatever I can do to make you happy" -eros refers to sexual love ----Plato's conception of eros-> homosexual love was highest form of love because it was independent of procreative instinct
similarities between love and sex
-represent intense, enjoyable feelings -involve physiological changes -have a cognitive component -expressed in various ways -need increases with deprivation
Pros of masturbation
-self-knowledge -increased body comfort -orgasm more likely (90% or greater) -pressure taken off partner -no partner necessary -avoids risk of disease transmission or pregnancy -unique, pleasurable experience -helpful in maintaining sexual fidelity -useful in treatment of sexual dysfunctions
Buddhist conception of love
-two types of love: 1) "unfortunate" kind of love (self-love) 2) "good" kind of love (creative spiritual attainment or "love of detachment") -the best love is the one in which you accept other as they are without requiring them to be like you
risks of coming out
1) Parental and family members' reactions 2) Harassment and discrimination at school 3) Harassment and discrimination at the workplace - Employment Non-Discrimination Act 4) Hate crime victimization
7 type of FWBR and their percentages
1) True Friends (26%)- close friends who have sex on multiple occasions 2) Just sex (12%)- focus is sex and a serial hookup, no care about that person 3) Networking opportunism (15%)- part of same social group and go home together when there is no better option "sexual fail safe" 4) Successful transition (8%)- intentional use of FWBR to transition into romantic 5) unintentional transition (8%)- turns into romantic relationship from spending time together and having regular sex 6) Failed transition (7%)- one partner became involved, while the other did not 7) transition out (11%)- couple was romantic, relationship ended, but sex continued
barriers to communication for parents talking to their children about sex
1) anxiety associated with the desire to protect the innocence of the child 2) uncertainty regarding the best age, for the child, for the parent to be open about sexual information 3) fear of the reactions of other parents 4) parental discomfort
social correlates of masturbation
1. Gender- men are more likely to report having masturbated 2. race and ethnicity- white men masturbate more than black men/ black women masturbate more than white women 3. education - individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to report having masturbated in the past year
open relationship rules
1. Honesty - all the time 2. Recreational Sex - sec w the other person is purely recreational and not going anywhere 3. Condom Use - all the time 4. Approval - every person we have sex w must be approved by partner 5. Online hunting - prohibited
recommendations for coming out to one's parents
1. avoid speaking from a defensive point of view 2. avoid talking about your current relationship 3. try to maintain a constant flow of positive reinforcement toward your parents 4. be confident in your views and outlook on homosexuality
different types of extramarital affair
1. brief encounter 2. paid sex 3. instrumental or utilitarian affair 4. coping 5. paraphilia affairs 6. Office romance 7. Internet use
women's and men's reactions to jealousy revealed four significant differences
1. food - women more likely to turn to food (30.3%) 2. alcohol- men more likely to turn to alcohol (46.9%) 3. friends - more women turn to friends (37.9%) 4. nonbelief that "jealousy shows love"- women much more likely to disagree w statement that "jealousy shows love" (63.2%)
coping strategies for dealing with a stalker
1. make a direct statement to the person 2. seek protection through formal channels 3. avoid the perpetrator 4. change phone numbers, address, etc.
Positions for Intercourse]
1. man-on-top position: missionary/ most common position - variation "oceanic position" 2. woman-on-top position: more likely to lead to orgasm in woman 3. side-by-side position 4. rear-entry position "leaping tiger" "doggie style" 5. sitting position 6. standing position 7. variations
internal causes of jealousy
1. mistrust- if cheated on in the past that individual may be mistrustful in later relationships 2. low self-esteem 3. lack of perceived alternatives- think no one else will want them 4. insecurity
top personality characteristics desired in a mate
1. mutual attraction (love) 2. dependable character 3. emotional stability/ maturity 4. pleasing disposition
considerations for having sex with a new partner
1. personal consequences 2. timing 3. partner consequences 4. relationship consequences 5. contraception 6. HIV and other sexually transmissible infections 7. influence of alcohol and other drugs 8. it's okay to change your mind about including intercourse in a relationship
reasons for gay men remaining unattached
1. personal past 2. collective past (membership in a particular historical cohort) 3. previous relationship 4. particular tastes 5. still searching 6. loner
sources for homonegativity and homophobia in the United States
1. religion 2. martial and procreative bias 3. concern about HIV and AIDS 4. rigid gender roles 5. psychiatric labeling 6. myths and negative stereotypes
marital sex is characterized by its social legitimacy, declining frequency, and superiority in terms of sexual and emotional satisfaction
1. social legitimacy- marital intercourse is the most legitimate form of sexual behavior 2. declining frequency 3. sexual and emotional satisfaction- enjoy the most satisfying experience
other reasons for an affair include the following
1. variety, novelty, and excitement 2. workplace friendships 3. relationship dissatisfaction 4. sexual dissatisfaction 5. revenge 6. homosexuality 7. aging 8. absence from partner 9. high androgen levels
overweight or obese girls are at least __________ more likely than their recommended-weight peers to have ever had anal intercourse, regardless of whether they have ever had vaginal sexual intercourse
15%
SSRS score below 15 - lower risk
16% were in this category relative to other students, your thoughts and behaviors are more supportive of safer sex
what percent of U.S. adults report that there has been a change in their sexual orientation?
2%
of adults in the U.S., about 1% of females self-identify as lesbian, 2% of males self-identify as gay, and 1.5% of adults self-identify as bisexual. Hence, about ____________(10 mil) are LBG
3.5%
by age 75, only _________ of American women and ____________ of American men have never married
3.9%; 3.5%
in a probability sample of gay and bisexual men, what percent reported that they are currently married
42%
between the ages of 25 and 29, ___________ of females and ____________ of males are not married
47.8%; 62.2%
of 5,865 respondents in the U.S. ages 20-29, what percent of women reported that they had received oral sex from a man in the past 12 months?
71%
in a national study of homosexual men, _________ believe that they were born w their homosexual orientation; only ___________ believe that environmental factors are the sole cause
90%; 4%
of the 1,197 adults in a study of the LGBT community, _________ reported that they saw society becoming more accepting of them in the last decade
92%
of 94 gay women in one study, ________ said their first homosexual experience was emotional; physical expression came later
93%
foreplay
Also referred to as sexual touching, the broad category of activities which are usually undertaken with the goal of increasing one's own and/or one's partner's sexual arousal and pleasure. benefits? 1) not focused on genital performance 2) physiological benefits from touching 3) promote a context of trust and connection
which of the following is NOT a way in which love and sex are similar
Both are crucial for human happiness
hate crimes
Bringing harm to an individual because he or she is viewed as belonging to a group of which one does not approve.
transvestites
Broad term for individuals who may dress or present themselves in the gender of the other sex; a more pejorative term than a cross-dresser.
According to ________ of mate selection a person who is disorderly will seek a person who is orderly
Complementary Needs Theory
involuntary abstinence
Condition of not having sexual relations due to environmental factors, such as not having a partner or being confined to an institution that does not encourage sexual expression.
a study on international marriages between Eastern European-born women and U.S.-born men found homogamy operative in
Education Race Marital Status
T/F national data on adolescents reveals that most are depressed and feel social rejection
FALSE
T/F overweight females are more likely to be sexually active than recommended-weight counterparts
FALSE
semen-conservation doctrine
From early Ayurvedic teachings in India, the belief that general good health in both sexes depends on conserving the life-giving power of "vital fluids" (Semen and vaginal fluids).
3 biological explorations of sexual orientation
Genetic Theories - if one identical twin was gay or lesbian, in 31.6% of the pairs, the co-twin was also gay or lesbian - men with older homosexual brothers are more likely to be homosexual themselves - genetic influences were linked to homosexuality in both women and men, with estimates of 50%-60% heritability for women and about 30% for men Perinatal Hormonal Theories - prenatal influences - hormonal and neurological factors operating prior to birth, between the second and fifth month of gestation, are the "main determinants of sexual orientation" Postpubertal Hormonal Theories - not that strong - belief in biological determinism of sexual orientation among homosexuals is strong
fisting
Insertion of several fingers or an entire closed fist and forearm (typically lubricated with a non-petroleum-based lubricant) into a partner's rectum and sometimes the lower colon; term also used to describe insertion of hand into vagina.
___________is not one of the three concepts of love introduced by the Greeks and reflected in the New Testament
Ludus
is there a social/ cultural influence
Parent-Child Interaction Theories (Freud) - Criticisms? 1) does not resolve the question "is the absent or distant father relationship a result or cause of the child's homosexuality?" 2) sons w overprotective mothers and rejecting fathers also grow up to be heterosexual 3) two sons growing up in the same type of family may have different sexual orientations Sexual Interaction Theories - propose that such factors as the availability of sexual partners, early sexual experiences, imprinting, and sexual reinforcement influence subsequent sexual orientation Sex-Role Theories 1) Self-labeling theory "through a process of socialization, lesbians and gays incorporate ideas about what it means to be lesbian or gay into their own identities" 2) inappropriate (nontraditional) sex-role training 3) Exotic Becomes Erotic (EBE) theory combines biological and environmental components
"Love is never "finished" and complete; throughout life, it changes and matures, and thus remains faithful to itself. Idem velle atque idem nolle—to want the same thing, and to reject the same thing—was recognized by antiquity as the authentic content of love: the one becomes similar to the other, and this leads to a community of will and thought."
Pope Benedict XVI
sex roles
Roles filled by women or men that are defined by biological constraints and can be enacted only by members of one biological sex only such as (wet nurse, sperm donor, child bearer).
T/F HPV can be transmitted via oral sex and cause throat cancers
TRUE
Match the description to the appropriate theory of choosing a mate: Tyler has found a partner with whom he has an attraction. His partner is similar in age, race, and social class.
This is a cultural factor and an example of endogamy
Match the description to the appropriate theory of choosing a mate: isabelle has a weakness of being shy at parties and not wanting to mingle. Her partner is very outgoing and extroverted.
This is a psychological factor and an example of complimentary-needs theory
T/F most (over half) U.S. adults believe that the legalization of same sex marriage is inevitable
True
T/F self-identified sexual orientation is often incongruent with preference and behavior
True
T/F sex selection for girls has a higher percentage of success than for boys
True
T/F transgender girls are more likely to be gay than transgender boys
True
multidimensional model
Way of conceptualizing sexual orientation which suggests that a person's orientation consists of various independent components (including emotions, lifestyle, self-identification, sexual attraction, fantasy, and behavior) and that these components may change over time. Most important contribution is its incorporation of self-identity as a central element of sexual orientation
which of the following statements best describes secondary partners?
a relationship in which the partners maintain separate dwellings and finances and do not make the decisions jointly
concept of secondary virginity
a sexually experienced person's deliberate decision to refrain from intimate encounters for a set period of time and to refer to that decision as a kind of virginity
satiation
a stimulus loses its value with repeated exposure
gender role transcendence
abandonment of gender schema, or becoming "gender aschematic," so that personality traits, social and occupational roles, and other aspects of an individual's life become divorced from gender categories
about how many gay dads are there in the United States
about 500,000
parental investment
any investment by a parent that increases the offspring's chance of surviving and thus increases reproductive success
obsessive relational intrusion
behavior of a stranger or an acquaintance who repeatedly invades one's physical or symbolic privacy in his or her attempts to have an intimate relationship
discrimination
behavior that involves treating categories of individuals unequally
external factors of jealousy
behaviors a partner engages in that are interpreted as 1) an emotional and/ or sexual interest in someone else 2) a lack of emotional and/ or sexual interest in the primary partner
____________ refers to not having sex and also moral purity in both thought and conduct
chastity
sexual orientation
classification of individuals as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual based on their emotional, cognitive, and sexual attractions as well as their self-identity and lifestyle
empty love
commitment without passion or intimacy i.e. the beginnings of an arranged marriage
open couple
composed of two people who often are in a long-term relationship, cohabitate, and have extradyadic sexual relationships
sexual identity
composite term that refers to factors including one's biological sex, gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation
pseudo-hermaphroditism
condition in which an individual is born with gonads matching the sex chromosomes, but genitals resembling those of the other sex
abstinence
condition of having refrained from having sexual intercourse
celibacy
condition of refraining from sexual intercourse, especially be reason of religious vows; also used to refer to being unmarried
Turner's syndrome
condition that occurs in females resulting from the absence of an X chromosome (XO)
Klinefelter's syndrome
condition that occurs in males and results from the presence of an extra X sex chromosome (XXY), resulting in abnormal testicular development, infertility, low interest in sex (low libido), and, in some cases, mental retardation
intersex development
congenital variations in the reproductive system, sometimes resulting in ambiguous genitals
_____________ was developed as a food to extinguish sexual desire and curb masturbation desires
corn flakes
purging
cross-dresser's act of destroying the clothes of the other sex as an expression of trying to become free of the drive to cross-dress (rarely has any long-term effect, and the person returns to cross-dressing)
endogamy
cultural expectation that one will select a marriage partner within one's own social group, such as race, religion, and social class
adolescence
developmental period in which youths move from childhood to adulthood begins 10-13 and ends 18-22
childhood
developmental time frame the extends from age 2 to age 12 and involves physical, cognitive, social, and sexual development
The _________ model of orientation indicates one is gay or not gay
dichotomous
many individuals do not identify themselves as homosexuals __________________
due to embarrassment desire for privacy fear of social disapproval
open relationships
each partner agrees that the other can have sexual (and sometimes emotional) relationships with someone outside the couple relationship
according to the Model of Gay Identity Development, which statement best describes Stage 2: Test and Exploration?
exploring one's feelings and attractions and initiating limited contact with non-heterosexual individuals
stalking
extreme form of obsessive relational intrusion that may involve following a victim, property damage, home invasion, or threats of physical harm
family of origin
family into which an individual is born
family of procreation
family one begins by finding a mate, having and rearing children
biphobia
fearful, negative, discriminatory reactions toward bisexuals
which position for vaginal intercourse requires a strong male erection
female superior
voluntary abstinence
forgoing sexual intercourse for a period of time by choice
sociobiology
framework in which social behavior is viewed as having a biological basis in terms of being functional in human evolution
most young adults come out first to whom?
friend
storge
friendship; companionate love merge love with friendship; no fire or passion
ludus
game-playing love- for mutual enjoyment without serious intent deception is acceptable within proper limits; not great depth of feelings most men lowest relationship satisfaction
social masturbation
group masturbation involves three or more individuals masturbating together i.e. circle jerk
quads
groups of four adults most commonly formed when two couples join, although sometimes they develop when a triad adds a fourth
moresomes
groups with five or more adult members, are larger, more fragile, and more complicated than quads
about _______________ of undergraduates in one study reported that love is not necessary for a sexual encounter
half 52% of males 49% of females
androgyny
having traits stereotypically associated with both masculinity and femininity
unidimensional continuum model (Kinsey)
identification of one's sexual orientation on a scale from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual) suggesting that most people are not on the extremes but somewhere in between 0. exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual factors 1. predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual 2. predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual 3. Equally heterosexual and homosexual 4. predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual 5. predominantly homosexual, but incidentally heterosexual 6. exclusive homosexual factors major criticism? does not account for some important aspects of sexuality- such as self-identity, lifestyle, and social group preference
Electra complex
in psychoanalysis, term that refers to a daughter's (unconscious) sexual desire for her father; refers to the Greek myth in which Electra assists her brother in killing their mother and her lover to avenge their father's death
companionate love
intimacy and commitment without passion i.e. a marriage between two older adults who have been married for 45 years
romantic love
intimacy and passion without commitment i.e. a summer fling
liking
intimacy without passion or commitment i.e. a friendship characterized by feeling of closeness and trust
Triangular Theory of Love (Sternberg)
intimacy- emotional connectedness or bondedness passion- romantic feelings and physical sexual desire commitment- desire to maintain the relationship
polyamory
involvement of more than three individuals in a pair-bonded relationship (some of the individuals may be married to each other) who have an emotional, sexual, and parenting relationship
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
legislative act that denied federal recognition of homosexual marriage and allowed states to ignore same-sex marriages licensed elsewhere
cohabitation
living situation in which two heterosexual adults involved in an emotional and sexual relationship share a common residence for 4 nights a week for 3 months
____________ is the most frequently reported position used during intercourse
man on top
mania
manic, jealous, obsessive love "symptom love" based on uncertainty of love lowest relationship satisfaction
_______________couples are least likely to report jealousy in their relationship
married
all of the following are truths about masturbation EXCEPT
masturbation is an abnormal, unnatural behavior
hooking up and unspoken rules
meeting someone and becoming sexually involved that same evening with no commitment or expectation beyond the encounter -doing so is not dating -hooking up is not a romantic relationship -hooking up is physical -hooking up is a secret -one who hooks up is not to expect no subsequent contact from a partner -condoms/ protection are always used (although only 57% actually do)
polyaffective
members in a polyfidelity who are emotionally intimate but not sexually connected
Which of the following statements about undergraduates is TRUE?
men typically score closer to the midpoint between romanticism and realism than women
researchers found that the duration of desired intercourse for heterosexual men and women in long-term relationships with each other was__________
men= 18 minutes; women= 14 minutes
Love in Easter
more realistic marriage and then love low divorce rates
Love in Western cultures
more romantic love before marriage higher divorce rates
according to Freud's theory, homosexual men had a close relationship with which member of their family
mother
masturbation
natural, common, and non harmful means of sexual self-pleasuring that is engaged in by individuals of all ages, sexual orientations, and levels of functioning (also called Autoerotic behavior)
homophobia
negative emotional responses toward, and aversion to, homosexuals
non love
no intimacy, passion, or commitment i.e. 2 work acquaintances
behavior of a stranger or an acquaintance who repeatedly invades one physical or symbolic privacy in his or her attempts to have an intimate relationship is known as _______________________
obsessive relational intrusion
when evaluating the pros and cons of the side-by-side position which of the following is considered a con?
offers little clitoral stimulation
relativism
on the other hand, emphasizes consideration of the context of a situation when making sexual decisions. A female might be committed to using condoms when sexually active, however, she might find herself in a situation where there is no condom available and decide that it will be ok this time because her partner usually uses them too.
according to Buddhist concept of love, the best love is one in which __________
one accepts others as they are
in recalling their first same-sex attraction, how many young women recalled an explicit sexual context for the attraction
one-third
fellatio
oral stimulation of a man's genitals
the family in which one is born and reared is one's family of __________________
origin
_______________ are typically regarded as the first and most important source of sexual socialization for children
parents
polyfidelity
partners in the group remain faithful (sexually exclusive) to everyone else in the group
fatuous love
passion and commitment without intimacy i.e. whirlwind courtship and marriage; fantasy love
infatuation
passion without intimacy or commitment i.e "love at first sight"
eros
passionate love, not limited to physical passion love highly valued; erotic love most women highest relationship satisfaction
she-male
person who looks like a woman and has the breasts of a woman (from hormonal or surgical enlargement), yet has the genitalia and reproductive system of a man
Transgendered Individuals
persons who do not fit neatly into either the male or female category, or their behavior is not congruent with the norms and expectations of their sex Include cross-dressers and transsexuals
absolutism
perspectives believe in an unconditional power and authority of religion, law or tradition. Choices are made based upon the rules of what is considered to be "right or wrong" by a higher power. For example a sexually active female might refuse to have sex without a condom because she has been taught by her parents, health care provider and friends, that you should NEVER have sex without a condom. Others may refuse to engage in sex outside of marriage because their religion has strictly forbade it.
what makes a woman jealous
physical attractiveness of a rival
"Love is never "finished" and complete; throughout life, it changes and matures, and thus remains faithful to itself. Idem velle atque idem nolle—to want the same thing, and to reject the same thing—was recognized by antiquity as the authentic content of love: the one becomes similar to the other, and this leads to a community of will and thought."
pope Benedict XVI
pragma
pragmatic and practical love "love planning"; use criteria matching most women
nature of sexual decisions
premise one: not to decide, is to decide premise two: choices involve trade-offs premise three: decisions include selecting positive or negative values premise four: decisions produce ambivalence and uncertainty premise five: some decisions are revocable; other are not
individuals conceptualize their virginity in one of three ways- as a ___________
process, gift, stigma
the family in which one pair bonds and has children is one's family of ___________
procreation
erotophobia
propensity to have very negative views of and emotional responses to sexuality these individuals have a higher risk of pregnancy and HIV/STI transmission because they feel uncomfortable discussing or using contraception or condoms
erotophilia
propensity to have very positive views of and emotional responses to sexuality
gender identity
psychological state of viewing one's self as a girl or a boy, and later as a woman or man
true hermaphroditism
rare condition in which individuals are born with both ovarian and testicular tissue (These individuals, called hermaphrodites, may have one ovary and one testicle, feminine breasts, and a vaginal opening beneath the penis)
sexuality
refers to a core dimension of being human which includes sex, gender, sexual and gender identity, sexual orientation, eroticism, emotional attachment/love, and reproduction. It is experienced or expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, activities, practices, roles and relationships.
physiological androgyny
refers to intersexed individuals, the gentials are clearly neither male nor female.
hedonism
reflects the idea that the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain provide the ultimate motivation for sexual behavior. In this perspective there is no concern for what is right or wrong, or why it might be ok "just this time"---the decision to have sex without a condom is based upon if it feels better to have sex with or without it. A hedonist might choose to wear a condom to avoid the chance of contracting a painful infection, but the reason to wear one is only based upon the pleasure/pain ratio.
gift view of virginity
regards being a virgin as a valuable positive status wherein it is important to find the "right" person since sharing the gift is special 38%
process view of virginity
regards first intercourse as a mechanism of learning about one's self, partner, and sexuality - it is a learning experience 53%
preconceptual sex selection
selection of the sex before it is conceived
prenatal sex selection
selection of whether to continue the pregnancy based on the sex of the fetus
which of the following is the style of love known as Agape?
selfless, idealistic love
agape
selfless, idealistic love all-giving; nondemanding love highest relationship satisfaction
sexting
sending sexually explicit text or photos via cell phone
coping mechanism
sex can be used to enhance one's self-concept or feeling of sexual inadequacy
extramarital affair
sexual intercourse between a spouse and someone other than the person he or she is married to
homosexuality
sexual orientation that involves the predominance of emotional and sexual attractions to persons of the same sex
extradyadic sexual involvement
sexual relationship that occurs outside the couple, as when an individual of a dyad (couple) becomes sexually involved with someone other than the partner or mate
sexual intercourse
sexual union of a man's penis and a women's vagina Coitus
gender role ideology
socially prescribed role relationships between women and men in any given society
primary partners
sometimes corresponding to the larger cultural conception of a spouse
gender postmodernism
state in which there is a dissolution of male and female categories as currently conceptualized in Western capitalist society
chastity
state of not having had sexual intercourse; also implies moral purity or virtuousness in both thought and conduct 1) christian teachings 2) spiritual, mental, and physical health benefits of abstinence
sexual celibacy
state of not having sexual intercourse or activity
cunnilingus
stimulation of the clitoris, labia, and vaginal opening of the woman by her partner's tongue and lips
compared to their heterosexual peers, LGBT students are more likely to experience
suicide substance abuse sexual health risk
occupational sex segregation
tendency for women and men to pursue different occupations
climacteric
term often used synonymously with menopause, refers to changes that both men and women experience at mid-life
transgendered
term that refers to individuals of one biological sex (female or male) who express behavior not typically assigned to their gender
transgender
term that refers to individuals who express some characteristics other than their assigned gender, which is usually based on their biological sex (male or female) gender queer (their gender identity was neither male nor female) pansexual/queer (they were attracted to men, women, bisexuals)
sex
term that refers to the biological distinction between being female and being male, usually categorized on the basis of the reproductive organs and genetic makeup
realists believe
that love takes time to develop, that there are numerous people with whom one may fall in love, and the love does not conquer all "conjugal love"
3 models of sexual orientation
the dichotomous model- people are either heterosexual or homosexual unidimensional continuum model- sexual orientation is viewed on a continuum multidimensional model- views sexuality as a function of degrees of various components such as emotions, behaviors, and cognitions
Coolidge effect
the effect of novelty and variety on sexual arousal - such as when a novel partner is available, a sexually satiated male regains capacity for arousal
what is the most important contribution of the Multidimensional model of sexuality?
the incorporation of self-identity as a central element of sexual orientation
paraphiliac affairs
the on-the-side sex partner acts out sexual fantasies or participates in sexual practices that the spouse considers bizarre or abnormal
exchange theory
theory of mate selection that holds that partners select each other on the basis of who offers the greatest rewards at the lowest cost 1. rewards are the behaviors, words, resources, that you value and that influence you to continue the relationship 2. costs are the unpleasant aspects of the relationship 3. profit occurs when the rewards exceed the costs 4. loss occurs when the costs exceed the rewards 5. it is also necessary that no other person who offers a higher profit is currently available
Complimentary Needs Theory
theory of mate selection that states that one tends to select mates whose needs are opposite and complementary to one's own needs "opposites attract"
principle of least interest
theory that holds that the person who has the least interest in a relationship controls the relationship
conversion therapy (reparative therapy)
therapy designed to change the sexual orientation of a person, usually homosexual to heterosexual about 2% of U.S. adults report that there has been a change in their sexual orientation
two most frequently identified regrets about their first intercourse experience made by 292 undergraduate respondents I a study by Thomsen and Chang
they wished they had waited and they wished they had been in a committed (love) relationship
dental dam
thin piece of latex that covers the vulva during cunnilingus or the anus during analingus
instrumental or utilitarian affair
this is sex in exchange for a job or promotions, to get back at a spouse, to evoke jealousy, or to transition out of a marriage
chromosomes
threadlike structures of DNA within the cell nucleus that carry genes and transmit hereditary information
vees
three-person relationships in which one member is sexually connected to each of the two others
middle age
time in a person's life that begins when the last child leaves home and continues until retirement or the death of either spouse
Hate crimes in terms of sexual orientation affect which of the following groups of individuals?
transsexual gay/lesbian individuals heterosexuals
T/F women are more likely to report feelings of jealousy than men
true
177 LBG individuals who reported that ____________ of the parents to whom they first came our responded with social and emotional
two-thirds
