Humanistic psychology

second force: behavioral perspective

- founded by John Watson - important figures: --- Ivan Pavlov --- BF Skinner --- Bandura - assumptions: --- psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner --- behavior is the result of stimulus-response --- behavior is determined by the environment

ultimate concerns (Irvin Yalom)

- freedom and associated responsibility - death - isolations - meaninglessness

historical roots of humanistic

- Carl Rogers originally trained psychodynamically, but cam to disagree with Freud's presumptions about therapy and people - Rogers and Maslow pioneered humanistic psychology - humanistic movement was created in response to the rejection of the assumptions of the behaviorist and psychodynamic approach - roots are in classical and renaissance philosophy that emphasized self-realization, which is the ability of an individual to grow and develop psychologically, intellectually, and ethically

Carl rodgers: client-centered therapy

- an approach to psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role - main purpose of client-centered therapy is to facilitate actualizing tendency

the client: client-centered

- determine the general direction go the therapy - following challenges are likely to occur: ---- self-concept: the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself ---- locus of evaluation: the extent to which our values/standards depend upon the judge and expectations of others ---- experiencing: can help shift a client's rigid mode of experience of the self and the world to one of greater openness and flexibility

ways gestalt differs from rodgers

- focus on the present - emphasizes the whole person - more active on the part of the therapist - use of "experiments" - gestalt

first force: psychodynamic perspective

- founded by Sigmund freud - assumptions ---- major cause of behavior reside in the unconscious ---- psyches determinism: all behavior has a cause/reason ---- different parts of the unconscious mind are in constant struggle ---- our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experience

experiments

- games of dialogue ---- having two opposing aspects of the client engage one another in conversation

implication of humanistic

- humanistic emerged due to the disagreement with the assumptions of the behaviorism and psychodynamic approach: ---- reject the notion of behaviorism that humans should be studied solely by their behavior ---- rejects many aspects of the psychodynamic approach does not believe humans are fully aware of their own motivations and desires

basic tenets

- humans should be viewed holistically, as in more than just the sum of his or her parts behavior is influenced by his or her environment, making social interactions key to human development - people are conscious of themselves and their surroundings - human beings have free will and consciously make choices human beings are intentional, have goals, and seek to create meaning in their life - overall: human beings are conscious, have intentions, and are capable of creating meaning in life

basic principles of logo therapy

- life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones - our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life - we have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or at least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering

the therapist: client-centered

- must trust the client's inner resources for growth and self-actualization, in spite of any psychological or environmental limitations - must have nondirective attitude - growth is accomplished by a client-therapist relationship characterized the three essential therapeutic conditions -should experience attitudes of congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client - must also express congruence, and transparency - should not pretend in ways that he/she do not feel. - must be open, authentic, and empathetic in the relationship

emphases within humanistic psychology

- self-actualization: human's tendency to want to grow (achievement is the goal of humanistic) - positive regard: the warmth, love, and acceptance we receive from those around us (helps with self-actualization) - incongruence: the discrepancy between the real and ideal self - humanistic psychotherapy is characterized by three therapeutic conditions ---- empathy ---- unconditional positive regard ---- genuiness

similarities with Rodgers

- therapeutic relationship must be authentic, accepting, and genuine - insight-based therapy - similar goals

logo therapy

the patient may remain sitting erect but he must hear the things which sometimes are very disagreeable to hear