Humanities Chapter 11
Which statement is true of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
He argued that the natural inquisitiveness of children should be cultivated.
Nicolas Copernicus promoted the ______ model of the cosmos.
heliocentric
The painting shown here, The Bath of Venus, depicts the ______ of Louis XV as Venus.
mistress
The Swing was painted by which artist.
Jean-Honore Fragonard
How did Thomas Hobbes describe human life without the state?
Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
Francis Bacon promoted the use of direct, systematic observation for scientific discovery, or the ______ method.
empirical
The belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as ______ law.
natural
What was the foundation for the new social sciences that emerged during the Enlightenment?
reason
How is Adam Smith generally known?
the father of modern economics
What was the primary target of Hogarth's visual satire, The Marriage Transaction?
Arranged marriages for money and status
Rene Descartes's separation of the mind and body is known by what term?
Cartesian dualism
What were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by Rene Descartes?
Do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true. Break a problem into parts. Draw complete conclusions.
In the geocentric model, the center of the cosmos is occupied by the _________.
Earth
Which social sciences emerged during the Enlightenment?
Economics Sociology
What innovative idea regarding education did Jean-Jacques Rousseau put forward in his treatise, Emile?
Education should begin at birth.
Voltaire was the pen name for which author?
Francois Marie Arouet
In the book __________________Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes human behavior.
Gulliver's
Which statements about Voltaire are true?
He was educated by Jesuits. He condemned organized religion and religious fanaticism.
Neoclassicism was inspired and fueled by the archaeological excavations of which locations?
Herculaneum and Pompeii
Which statements about Alexander Pope are correct?
His poem Essay on Man is an attempt to explain humankind's place in the universe. He was a British poet. He was largely self-taught.
Which of the following distinguishes the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke?
Hobbes believed that the governing ruler or body should have ultimate authority. Locke believed that authority should be held by those governed.
What is true about William Hogarth and his prints?
Hogarth's prints were so popular that they were often pirated and sold without his consent.
According to Francis Bacon, privately held fallacies that derive from individual education and background belong to which category of falsehood?
Idols of the Cave
Rococo sculpture is characterized by what features?
Intimacy and spontaneity
How does Neoclassical architecture compare to earlier architectural styles?
It is austere It is geometric
Which statements about Rococo sculpture are true?
It usually depicted lighthearted subjects. The finest examples are small in scale.
What role did Neoclassical architecture have in Napoleon's France?
It was the vehicle for French imperialism.
Who wrote: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who was the author of the History of Ancient Art, published in 1764?
Johann Joachim Winckelmann
What was a main topic in Johannes Kepler's New Astronomy?
Laws of planetary motion
What rights are part of the Enlightenment concept of natural rights?
Liberty Life Property
What were some of the social effects of early industrialization?
Long working hours under dangerous conditions
Who were the eighteenth-century figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?
Mary Wollstonecraft Antoine Nicolas de Condorcet
What was the voyage on which slaves were transported between Africa and the America called?
Middle Passage
Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture is ______ in style.
Neoclassical
Which is true about Neoclassical architecture?
Neoclassical architects took inspiration from simple geometric shapes.
John Locke's understanding of the mind as a blank slate meant that human knowledge was gained through what means?
Perceived experience
What did Jean-Antoine Houdon sculpt?
Portrait busts and life-sized sculptures
What can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the eighteenth century?
Prose style became more informal.
The term "____________"style derives from rocaille, the French word for ornate rock or shellwork that ornamented gardens or grottoes.
Rococo
What style emerged at the end of the Baroque era is described as rich in ornamentation, delicate and playful?
Rococo
Neoclassicism differed from earlier revivals of classical ideals due to what circumstance?
Scientific studies of ancient ruins.
This painting, The Bath of Venus, by Francois Boucher most emphasizes what element?
Sensuous pleasure
John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?
Tabula rasa
How did the Catholic Church respond to Galileo's publications?
The Church brought him to trial and forced him to renounce his ideas.
Which of the following buildings were designed by Thomas Jefferson using Classical and Renaissance models?
The University of Virginia Rotunda The Virginia State Capitol Monticello, his country estate
Which of the following elements of The Oath of the Horatii mark it as Neoclassical in style?
The archaeological correctness of elements such as clothing and helmets The figures stand on a horizontal line of the picture plane The use of hard contours and somber colors
Which resulted within a few years from the end of the French Revolution?
The execution of tens of thousands of people The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
According to Adam Smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?
The labor of self-interested individuals
Which are characteristics of the paintings of Antoine Watteau?
The pursuit of pleasure The fleeting nature of love
What do Jean-Baptiste Greuze's paintings represent?
The simple virtues of everyday life
Who was the architect for Monticello?
Thomas Jefferson
Who proclaimed that the American Revolution had done more to enlighten the world and promote freedom than any other event?
Thomas Paine
What does this painting, The Oath of the Horatii, depict?
Three brothers swearing to fight to the death to defend Roman liberty
What were the foundations of the Scientific Revolution?
Use of mathematical theory Development of new measuring instruments Empirical method
The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was Mary ________.
Wollstonecraft
Immanuel Kant's idea of the "______imperative" holds that our actions ought to be based on a sense of universal morality.
categorical
René Descartes developed his philosophical ideas through _______ reasoning.
deductive
The ______ century is considered history's greatest age of satire.
eighteenth
Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are ______.
eliptical
In Critique of Practical Reason, Immanuel Kant proved that reason had little to do with morality.
false
True or false: Inductive reasoning begins with a known general principle and uses that to establish particular truths.
false
True or false: Like John Locke, Thomas Hobbes argued that people are naturally equal, free, and capable of defining the common good.
false
Galileo's law of falling bodies proved facts about what phenomenon?
gravity
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the Enlightenment's most outspoken critics for which reason?
he emphasized instinct over reason
What charges were brought against Galileo by the Catholic Church?
heresy
Francis Bacon refers to cultural prejudices that lead people to misinterpretation as ______.
idols
During the nineteenth century, what was the general consensus of Descartes's philosophy (i.e., Cartesian dualism)?
it was widely spread
What principle by Isaac Newton stated that every particle of matter attracts every other particle of matter?
law of universal gravity
Newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described by what approach?
mathematics
Eighteenth-century genre paintings tended to reflect ______ values, like the contemporary novel and theater.
middle-class
What style of eighteenth-century visual art earned the disapproval of many philosophes, prompting Denis Diderot to demand an art that made "virtue attractive and vice odious?"
rococo
What type of work is Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels?
satire
______ introduced indignant protest through humor and was used to point out the contradictions between Enlightenment ideals and reality.
satire
What theory states that the authority for government is derived from an agreement between individuals and the state?
social contract
In the eighteenth century, what was the primary product for which Europeans enslaved African people?
sugar
In the heliocentric model, the center of the cosmos is occupied by the ______.
sun
What scientific instrument did Galileo perfect?
telescope
Which industry was transformed first in the Industrial Revolution (around 1700 to 1800)?
textile manufacturing
In his art-historical scholarship, what element of the ancient artworks uncovered in excavations did Johann Joachim Winckelmann call attention to?
Noble simplicity
How can Alexander Pope be described?
Optimist
John Locke's theories of government influenced what events?
The American Revolution and French Revolution
What does this painting, The Swing, depict?
Frivolous romantic intrigue
In France, the lower and middle classes were known as the ________ Estate
Third
The author of On the Workings of the Human Body was physician Andreas ________.
Vesalius
What principle of the Enlightenment helped to light the spark of the American Revolution?
the power of reasoning
According to John Locke, what purpose did government serve?
to preserve the rights of the governed
Which facts are true about taxation in pre-revolutionary France?
Almost four-fifth of a the average peasant's income was paid in taxes. All taxes were paid by the lower and middle classes.
Who painted this work, the Departure from the Island of Cythera?
Antoine Watteau
The idealized nude sculptures of Hellenic Greece were rivaled by the works of which Italian-born artist?
Antonio Canova
The Arch of Triumph was inspired by which ancient landmark?
Arch of Titus
What emerged in the eighteenth century?
Daily newspapers Magazines
