Humanities Chapter 11

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Which statement is true of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

He argued that the natural inquisitiveness of children should be cultivated.

Nicolas Copernicus promoted the ______ model of the cosmos.

heliocentric

The painting shown here, The Bath of Venus, depicts the ______ of Louis XV as Venus.

mistress

The Swing was painted by which artist.

Jean-Honore Fragonard

How did Thomas Hobbes describe human life without the state?

Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

Francis Bacon promoted the use of direct, systematic observation for scientific discovery, or the ______ method.

empirical

The belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as ______ law.

natural

What was the foundation for the new social sciences that emerged during the Enlightenment?

reason

How is Adam Smith generally known?

the father of modern economics

What was the primary target of Hogarth's visual satire, The Marriage Transaction?

Arranged marriages for money and status

Rene Descartes's separation of the mind and body is known by what term?

Cartesian dualism

What were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by Rene Descartes?

Do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true. Break a problem into parts. Draw complete conclusions.

In the geocentric model, the center of the cosmos is occupied by the _________.

Earth

Which social sciences emerged during the Enlightenment?

Economics Sociology

What innovative idea regarding education did Jean-Jacques Rousseau put forward in his treatise, Emile?

Education should begin at birth.

Voltaire was the pen name for which author?

Francois Marie Arouet

In the book __________________Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes human behavior.

Gulliver's

Which statements about Voltaire are true?

He was educated by Jesuits. He condemned organized religion and religious fanaticism.

Neoclassicism was inspired and fueled by the archaeological excavations of which locations?

Herculaneum and Pompeii

Which statements about Alexander Pope are correct?

His poem Essay on Man is an attempt to explain humankind's place in the universe. He was a British poet. He was largely self-taught.

Which of the following distinguishes the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke?

Hobbes believed that the governing ruler or body should have ultimate authority. Locke believed that authority should be held by those governed.

What is true about William Hogarth and his prints?

Hogarth's prints were so popular that they were often pirated and sold without his consent.

According to Francis Bacon, privately held fallacies that derive from individual education and background belong to which category of falsehood?

Idols of the Cave

Rococo sculpture is characterized by what features?

Intimacy and spontaneity

How does Neoclassical architecture compare to earlier architectural styles?

It is austere It is geometric

Which statements about Rococo sculpture are true?

It usually depicted lighthearted subjects. The finest examples are small in scale.

What role did Neoclassical architecture have in Napoleon's France?

It was the vehicle for French imperialism.

Who wrote: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who was the author of the History of Ancient Art, published in 1764?

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

What was a main topic in Johannes Kepler's New Astronomy?

Laws of planetary motion

What rights are part of the Enlightenment concept of natural rights?

Liberty Life Property

What were some of the social effects of early industrialization?

Long working hours under dangerous conditions

Who were the eighteenth-century figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?

Mary Wollstonecraft Antoine Nicolas de Condorcet

What was the voyage on which slaves were transported between Africa and the America called?

Middle Passage

Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture is ______ in style.

Neoclassical

Which is true about Neoclassical architecture?

Neoclassical architects took inspiration from simple geometric shapes.

John Locke's understanding of the mind as a blank slate meant that human knowledge was gained through what means?

Perceived experience

What did Jean-Antoine Houdon sculpt?

Portrait busts and life-sized sculptures

What can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the eighteenth century?

Prose style became more informal.

The term "____________"style derives from rocaille, the French word for ornate rock or shellwork that ornamented gardens or grottoes.

Rococo

What style emerged at the end of the Baroque era is described as rich in ornamentation, delicate and playful?

Rococo

Neoclassicism differed from earlier revivals of classical ideals due to what circumstance?

Scientific studies of ancient ruins.

This painting, The Bath of Venus, by Francois Boucher most emphasizes what element?

Sensuous pleasure

John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?

Tabula rasa

How did the Catholic Church respond to Galileo's publications?

The Church brought him to trial and forced him to renounce his ideas.

Which of the following buildings were designed by Thomas Jefferson using Classical and Renaissance models?

The University of Virginia Rotunda The Virginia State Capitol Monticello, his country estate

Which of the following elements of The Oath of the Horatii mark it as Neoclassical in style?

The archaeological correctness of elements such as clothing and helmets The figures stand on a horizontal line of the picture plane The use of hard contours and somber colors

Which resulted within a few years from the end of the French Revolution?

The execution of tens of thousands of people The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen

According to Adam Smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?

The labor of self-interested individuals

Which are characteristics of the paintings of Antoine Watteau?

The pursuit of pleasure The fleeting nature of love

What do Jean-Baptiste Greuze's paintings represent?

The simple virtues of everyday life

Who was the architect for Monticello?

Thomas Jefferson

Who proclaimed that the American Revolution had done more to enlighten the world and promote freedom than any other event?

Thomas Paine

What does this painting, The Oath of the Horatii, depict?

Three brothers swearing to fight to the death to defend Roman liberty

What were the foundations of the Scientific Revolution?

Use of mathematical theory Development of new measuring instruments Empirical method

The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was Mary ________.

Wollstonecraft

Immanuel Kant's idea of the "______imperative" holds that our actions ought to be based on a sense of universal morality.

categorical

René Descartes developed his philosophical ideas through _______ reasoning.

deductive

The ______ century is considered history's greatest age of satire.

eighteenth

Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are ______.

eliptical

In Critique of Practical Reason, Immanuel Kant proved that reason had little to do with morality.

false

True or false: Inductive reasoning begins with a known general principle and uses that to establish particular truths.

false

True or false: Like John Locke, Thomas Hobbes argued that people are naturally equal, free, and capable of defining the common good.

false

Galileo's law of falling bodies proved facts about what phenomenon?

gravity

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the Enlightenment's most outspoken critics for which reason?

he emphasized instinct over reason

What charges were brought against Galileo by the Catholic Church?

heresy

Francis Bacon refers to cultural prejudices that lead people to misinterpretation as ______.

idols

During the nineteenth century, what was the general consensus of Descartes's philosophy (i.e., Cartesian dualism)?

it was widely spread

What principle by Isaac Newton stated that every particle of matter attracts every other particle of matter?

law of universal gravity

Newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described by what approach?

mathematics

Eighteenth-century genre paintings tended to reflect ______ values, like the contemporary novel and theater.

middle-class

What style of eighteenth-century visual art earned the disapproval of many philosophes, prompting Denis Diderot to demand an art that made "virtue attractive and vice odious?"

rococo

What type of work is Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels?

satire

______ introduced indignant protest through humor and was used to point out the contradictions between Enlightenment ideals and reality.

satire

What theory states that the authority for government is derived from an agreement between individuals and the state?

social contract

In the eighteenth century, what was the primary product for which Europeans enslaved African people?

sugar

In the heliocentric model, the center of the cosmos is occupied by the ______.

sun

What scientific instrument did Galileo perfect?

telescope

Which industry was transformed first in the Industrial Revolution (around 1700 to 1800)?

textile manufacturing

In his art-historical scholarship, what element of the ancient artworks uncovered in excavations did Johann Joachim Winckelmann call attention to?

Noble simplicity

How can Alexander Pope be described?

Optimist

John Locke's theories of government influenced what events?

The American Revolution and French Revolution

What does this painting, The Swing, depict?

Frivolous romantic intrigue

In France, the lower and middle classes were known as the ________ Estate

Third

The author of On the Workings of the Human Body was physician Andreas ________.

Vesalius

What principle of the Enlightenment helped to light the spark of the American Revolution?

the power of reasoning

According to John Locke, what purpose did government serve?

to preserve the rights of the governed

Which facts are true about taxation in pre-revolutionary France?

Almost four-fifth of a the average peasant's income was paid in taxes. All taxes were paid by the lower and middle classes.

Who painted this work, the Departure from the Island of Cythera?

Antoine Watteau

The idealized nude sculptures of Hellenic Greece were rivaled by the works of which Italian-born artist?

Antonio Canova

The Arch of Triumph was inspired by which ancient landmark?

Arch of Titus

What emerged in the eighteenth century?

Daily newspapers Magazines


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