HW 9 and 10

Which one type of cells is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies?

B lymphocytes

How does external respiration differ from internal respiration?

External respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids.

antibodie that is involved in the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive tract

IgA

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?

IgE

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin?

IgG

why must humans constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

Oxygen is essential for the production of most of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen?

Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

T helper cell

Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated?

T lymphocyte

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell?

The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

what best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime?

The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure

what is true about lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)

allergen

Which of the following structures is the location of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood?

alveoli

Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by

bacteria

Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include

bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not.

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially

becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins

Arrange the following entries in the order in which air contacts them as air is drawn into the body. a. trachea b. bronchiole c. pharynx d. alveoli e. larynx

c, e, a, b, d

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they

can have alveoli attached to them

proteins in the blood that can be activated to lyse bacteria cells, mark other bacteria cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation

complement

Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?

cytokines

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

dead space volume.

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?

eosinophils

During the ingestion of food or liquid, which one of the following tips to block the opening to the trachea?

epiglottis

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation.

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

having keratin in the uppermost layer.

In which one of the following situations is hemoglobin most likely to bind oxygen?

in a tissue with a neutral pH

The respiratory control center is located

in the medulla oblongata.

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks

its own connective tissue

When air entering the respiratory tract leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

larynx.

Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?

lymphocytes

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells

Which one of the following would result in passive immunity?

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as

nonspecific mechanisms.

what is a symptom of botulism?

paralysis of muscles used for breathing

During a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea?

smooth muscle

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?

soluble bicarbonate ion

Oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart

via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circuit.

The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers indicates these steps in the CORRECT order? 1. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. 2. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed. 3. The foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. 4. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. 5. The foreign cell is contained within a vesicle.

3, 5, 1, 4, 2