HWST 107 chapter 4 & 5

lei hulu

feather lei or neck adornment worn by chiefs

'āina momona

fertile, productive and fruitful lands. A sign of prosperity and chiefly power.

Pele

fire & volcano goddess, she is described in many legends, hulas & chants.

Pelehonuamea or Pele, the volcano goddess

her kinolau (body forms) are lava, volcanic steam, and red 'Ōhiʻa Lehua blossoms that grow in the forests of Kīlauea her home.

AliʻiNui

high chiefs who served under the Mōʻī or paramount chief.

Niʻihau shells

highly prized and "priceless" tiny shells that are made into many finestrands of lei or necklaces. The shells are found on the privately owned Hawaiian island ofNiʻihau and these precious shell lei were worn by Hawaiian royalty.

Momi Kamahele

in her article, hula is a way of resisting foreign colonization. Foreign/Western Colonization suppressed her Hawaiian culture with the banning of hula. In the 19th century, Hawaiian royalty ignored the ban and allowed it to be performed. In the 1970ʻs, the Hawaiian Renaissance Movement revived the Hawaiian cultural practices like hula.

Freshwater kapu and laws

in pre-contact Hawaiʻi, there were strict kapu laws over freshwater. A person may be put to death for stealing, diverting, or polluting freshwater sources.

Chief Kalaniopuʻuʻs Feather Cape and Helmet

in the video "Nā Hulu Lehua," these precious items were returned to Hawaiʻi on loan from Aotearoa (New Zealand).

kaukaualiʻi

lower chiefs, close relatives and personal attendants of the Aliʻi Nui.

Paulette Kahalepuna

master feather artist. Explained feathers were highly prized andkapu. She explained the making of feather leis, cloaks, capes and royal standards (kāhili)were reserved only for the Aliʻi Nui or high chiefly class.

Aunty Elizabeth Lee

master lauhala (pandanus) weaver and hat maker.

Hoka Delos Reyes

master stone carver. Inspired by his kūpuna or ancestors. Stoneconnects him to the environment.

Keone Nunes

master tatoo practitioner. Also a hula master. Inspired by his ancestors andthrough his kākau uhi or tatoos, his ancestors live on.

Rocky Jensen

master wood carver. In 1819, after the abolishment of the kapu religion,the art of wood carving religious idols was lost.

Tour of Ka Papa Loʻi o Kanewai

our guide identifed kinolau or body forms in nature of male Hawaiian gods Kū, Kāne, Lono and Kanaloa. Kū's kinolau: breadfruit tree, hala tree, coconut tree, kī or ti leaf plant. Kāne's kinolau: freshwater, sunlight, taro, ʻawa plant, sugar cane, bamboo; Lonoʻs kinolau: Kukui (Candle) Nut tree; Kanaloa's kinolau: banana tree.

Tour of Ka Papa Loʻi o Kanewai

our guide showed us parts of the freshwater stream and irrigation system that flows to the loʻi below. They are the poʻo wai - head dam or water source of the irrigation system at the top of the stream; māno wai - mid-stream dam that controls water flow of the irrigation system to the loʻi; ʻauwai - narrow irrigation canals/ditches that flow through the loʻi kalo (taro pondfield) and returns water back to the main stream.

Mōʻī

paramount ruling chief of an island. Held the highest man a and kapu.

loʻi kalo

taro pondfields; also used as fishponds for aquatic food sources.

kākau uhi

tatoo (lit. "written marks")

makaʻāinana

the commoner class and labor force in Hawaiian society.

Kūkaʻilimoku

the feather idol of Kū (god of war); inherited by King Kamehameha I to unify Hawaiʻi.

Kīlauea and Mauna Loa

the most active volcanos and famous volcanic "hotspots" in the world. Both located on the island of Hawaiʻi.

Kauaʻi island

the oldest Hawaiian island in the main Hawaiian Island chain since it moved over a volcanic ʻhot spotʻ 5 million years ago.

Hawaiʻi island

the youngest Hawaiian island since it is a million years old and currently located over the ʻhot spotʻ or Kīlauea volcano thatʻs creating new land.

ahupuaʻa

typically a pie-shaped land division with natural resources from mountain to sea which allowed its inhabitants to sustainably subsist.

ʻŌlelo Noʻeau

"Ua aʻo a ua ailolo" means in traditional times when one became anexpert in his course of study he ate the brain of the hog and fish as an offering to the godof his/her art.

hana noʻeau

"skillfully created works [art]" (see Kanalu Young's article).

Hawaiians developed 3 main technological advances in food production

1) walled fishponds; 2) wetland kalo cultivation with irrigation systems; 3) dry-land cultivation field systems. Of these, Hawaiian fishponds are "a technological achievement unmatched elsewhere in island Oceania" (Marion Kelly:1989).

U.S. Military

2nd largest industry in Hawaiʻi. Military occupation continues to destroy Hawaiʻiʻs natural environment and Hawaiian cultural sites.

konohiki

class of chiefly managers for the Aliʻi Nui's lands and resources. They managed the daily operations of the ahupuaʻa land division.

Walled fishponds (loko kuapā)

300+ fishponds throughout Hawaiʻi in pre-contact times. Fishponds produced millions of lbs. of fish annually that helped increase the Hawaiian population. These brackish water ponds are on the shoreline and extends out into reef. 15. Makahiki Festival - annual harvest celebration for the god Lono. Puaʻa or pig was one of Lono's kinolau.

kapa

Hawaiian bark cloth made from the of wauke tree bark.

Aloha'Āina

Hawaiian value for man's love for the 'āina or land.

Mālama 'Āina

Hawaiian value of sustainable care and stewardship of the land and natural resources.

Geothermal Energy

Native Hawaiians protested against the use of geothermal energy from Kīlauea volcano on Hawaiʻi island and the building of power plants because it destroys the forests and its habitat that are sacred to Hawaiians. Geothermal development also destroys Hawaiian cultural sites and desecrates the kinolau of the goddess Pele.

George Jarret Helm Jr.

a Native Hawaiian musician who became a political activist in the 1970's. He died (lost at sea) while protesting the continuous U.S. military bombings of Kahoʻolawe island from 1941-1994.

lei niho palaoa

a carved whale tooth pendant & braided human hair worn by chiefs

ʻahu ʻula

a feather cloak worn only by the Aliʻi Nui (high chiefs

Pualani Kanakaʻole Kanahele

a hula master and chanter. Explains in her video, "Holo MaiPele," about the epic legend of Pele thevolcano/fire goddess, hula steps and motions express movements in nature e.g. winds, rain, waves...

loea

a person who is an expert, a master of an art or practice

pono

a state of societal harmony, balance, peace, eliquibrium.

poi pounder

a stone implement to prepare and mash cooked taro into poi