OCE 1001 Chapter 16 Hw
Which of the following ocean changes are predicted to result from increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Which of the following ocean changes are predicted to result from increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?Choose all that apply. Greater amounts of dissolved oxygen in seawater Development of a stronger thermocline Migration of marine organisms into deeper waters and toward the poles An increase in sea-surface temperature An increase in the pH of the oceans
-Development of a stronger thermocline -Migration of marine organisms into deeper waters and toward the poles -An increase in sea-surface temperature
Which greenhouse gases have natural sources as well as human-caused sources? tropospheric ozone carbon dioxide nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons methane
-carbon dioxide -methane -nitrous oxide
What is the result of a negative feedback loop? warms the climate after an initial cooling acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change warms the climate even more after an initial warming cools the climate after an initial warming cools the climate even more after an initial cooling
-warms the climate after an initial cooling -acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change -cools the climate after an initial warming
Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth? Plate tectonics Burning of fossil fuels Variations in Earth's orbit Changes in solar energy Volcanic eruptions
EVERYTHING BUT Burning of fossil fuels
Which of the following is not part of Earth's climate system? Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Exosphere Biosphere
Exosphere
What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming? It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because of increased snow pack at extremely high elevations. There is no evidence that the changes of O'Higgins are being affected by global warming. It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because warmer temperatures have caused melting along the edge of the glacier, allowing it to move more quickly. It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting. It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of a dramatic decrease in snowfall at the source of the glacier.
It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.
How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans? Oceans release large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Oceans absorb water vapor from the atmosphere and release oxygen, making air breathable. Oceans currents drive surface winds, allowing for atmospheric heat exchanges. Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The oceans have no effect on the atmosphere.
Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The vast majority of carbon dioxide in the ocean-atmosphere system is found in the ocean BECAUSE carbon dioxide is approximately 30 times more soluble in water than are other common gases.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a positive-feedback loop BECAUSE particulate air pollution has a shading effect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The net result of an increase in atmospheric moisture should be a decrease in air temperature BECAUSE the heat absorption of water vapor in the atmosphere dominates over the higher reflectivity of clouds.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Of the following atmospheric gases, only __________ is an important greenhouse gas. oxygen (O2) hydrogen sulfide (H2S) argon (Ar) water vapor (H2O) nitrogen (N2)
water vapor (H2O)
Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include which of the following? Spraying sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds Reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices Creating man-made glaciers in tropical areas to increase the solar radiation reflected back into space Adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump Releasing gas-eating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heat-trapping gases
-Adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump -Reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices -Spraying sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds
Which of the following are true of Earth's precession? Currently, the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs when Earth is farthest from the sun. In 11,500 years, the Northern Hemisphere summer will occur when Earth is farthest from the sun. Currently, the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs when Earth is closest to the sun. Precession is caused by the wobble of Earth's axis as it spins like a top. Currently, the Southern Hemisphere summer occurs when the Earth is at aphelion.
-Currently, the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs when Earth is farthest from the sun. -Currently, the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs when Earth is closest to the sun. -Precession is caused by the wobble of Earth's axis as it spins like a top.
Which of the following are true of Earth's eccentricity? Eccentricity refers to Earth's tilt. Higher eccentricity leads to more extreme seasons on Earth. Eccentricity reaches its minimum every 100,000 years. Eccentricity reaches its maximum every 100,000 years. High eccentricity means close to circular.
-Higher eccentricity leads to more extreme seasons on Earth. -Eccentricity reaches its minimum every 100,000 years.
Which of the following statements regarding the role of clouds in Earth's climate is/are correct? The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting less sunlight, making it warmer. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping less heat, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting more sunlight, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping more heat, making it warmer. Clouds reflect incoming sunlight, so they are always a negative feedback to climate.
-The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting less sunlight, making it warmer. -The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping less heat, making it cooler. -The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting more sunlight, making it cooler. -The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping more heat, making it warmer.
Which of the following statements correctly identify a mechanism by which two spheres interact? The cryosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires. The geosphere and atmosphere interact through volcanic eruptions. The hydrosphere and atmosphere interact through evaporation and precipitation. The biosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires. The geosphere and atmosphere interact through the activity of marine organisms.
-The geosphere and atmosphere interact through volcanic eruptions. -The hydrosphere and atmosphere interact through evaporation and precipitation. -The biosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires.
Which of the following are true of Earth's tilt? Earth's tilt is currently at its minimum. Greater tilt leads to more extreme seasons on Earth. Tilt reaches its minimum every 41,000 years. Tilt reaches its maximum every 41,000 years. Tilt is also referred to as obliquity.
-Tilt is also referred to as obliquity. -Greater tilt leads to more extreme seasons on Earth. -Tilt reaches its maximum every 41,000 years.
Which of the following statements regarding Earth's natural climate variations is/are correct? Recent spikes in carbon dioxide and methane are not a part of Earth's natural climate cycle. When methane concentrations are higher, temperatures are lower. When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, temperatures are lower. When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, methane concentrations are higher. Natural variations include the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.
-When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, methane concentrations are higher. -Recent spikes in carbon dioxide and methane are not a part of Earth's natural climate cycle. -Natural variations include the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.
Scientists use complex computer models to predict scenarios for future climate change. Which of the factors listed below is/are included in the climate models? temperatures on Mars, a planet that is thought to have been very much like Earth billions of years ago human population increases and economic changes anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions clouds and climate feedback loops temperatures on Venus, a planet that has very high concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide
-clouds and climate feedback loops -anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions -human population increases and economic changes
Which of the following statements is/are an example of a positive feedback loop? cooling temperatures leading to decreased evaporation rates, leading to less water vapor in the atmosphere and further cooling warming temperatures leading to decreased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to cooling warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to cooling warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming warming temperatures leading to decreased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming
-cooling temperatures leading to decreased evaporation rates, leading to less water vapor in the atmosphere and further cooling -warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming
What is the result of a positive feedback loop? warms the climate after an initial cooling warms the climate even more after an initial warming cools the climate even more after an initial cooling cools the climate after an initial warming acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change
-cools the climate even more after an initial cooling -warms the climate even more after an initial warming
Which of the following statements is/are an example of a negative feedback loop? warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to cooling warming temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to additional warming warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to additional warming warming temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to cooling cooling temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to warming
-warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to cooling -cooling temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to warming
Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by: 0.1°C. 0.6°C. 2.0°C. 2.6°C. 4.0°C.
0.6°C.
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected by clouds back into space? 23 17 6 47 30
17
When was the historic eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia? 1900 1883 1800 1891
1883
What was the concentration of carbon dioxide, in parts per million (ppm), in the pre-industrial period? 700 0 280,000 280 270
280
Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about: 3 millimeters/year. 0.3 meters/year. 0.5 inches/year. 0.006 kilometers/year. 0.3 feet/year.
3 millimeters/year.
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space? 23 4 47 6 30
30
Every year, ____ gigatons of carbon are added to the atmosphere and ____ gigatons of carbon are added to the ocean. 4, 3 0, 0 2, 4 3, 2 4, 2
4, 2
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by ocean and land? 30 47 6 19 23
47
How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if humans follow a "business-as-usual" scenario? 3.5°C 3°C 2.5°C 2°C 4°C
4°C
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected back into space? 30 4 6 23 19
6
What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period? A sudden decline in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases have steadily risen for the past 850,000 years. Greenhouse gases are more concentrated in polar regions than they are in the tropics. Greenhouse gas levels have remained at roughly the same levels for the past 200 years. A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Variation in the Earth's orbit Anthropogenic carbon dioxide inputs Volcanic activity Changes in solar input Tectonic plate movement
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide inputs
The ________ is one of the locations where the effects of global warming are being most keenly felt and likely will experience quite dramatic changes in the future. Antarctic Atlantic Arctic Pacific
Arctic
Which pathway has the largest annual flux of carbon between reservoirs? Ocean to atmosphere Biosphere to atmosphere Atmosphere to ocean Atmosphere to biosphere
Atmosphere to biosphere
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in solar output explains all of the recent global warming BECAUSE proxy data of solar brightness over the past 1000 years shows a correlation with changes in climate.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a negative-feedback loop BECAUSE the lack of ice cover will result in the Arctic Ocean reflecting more of the Sun's radiation.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE eruptions release into the atmosphere at least 130 times more heat-trapping carbon dioxide than humans do.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
What is the primary cause of the nearly 20 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s? Mining of coral reefs Rising sea levels Introduction of renewable energy technologies Burning of fossil fuels Global warming
Burning of fossil fuels
Which greenhouse gas is the most powerful in terms of how heat is absorbed by one molecule of the gas? nitrous oxide CFC-12 methane carbon dioxide tropospheric ozone
CFC-12
Which human-caused atmospheric gas is from the combustion of fossil fuels? Hydrofluorocarbons Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply? Cities may face long-term water surpluses as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will continue to increase as temperatures rise. Cities will likely be unaffected as increased runoff will form natural lakes where glaciers used to be. Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink. Cities will likely be unaffected as global warming affects melting only along the leading edge of the glacier. Cities may face short-term water shortages but will have long-term water surpluses.
Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued which of the following statements? Human climate alterations have not yet produced significant impacts on biological systems. Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account. Recent regional climate changes have not yet affected physical systems on Earth. Ocean acidification is not a problem because the ocean does not absorb carbon dioxide gas. The temperature increases observed since the mid-20th century are very likely due to natural causes.
Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account.
Excess carbon taken up by the ocean can be contained in which of the following reservoirs? deep water deep-sea sediments (methane hydrates) marine sediment surface water rock
EVERYTHING
Which of Earth's spheres make up the climate system? cryosphere geosphere atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere
EVERYTHING
What is the cause of the recent spikes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentrations? Medieval Warm Period variations in solar radiation variations in Earth's orbit onset of the interglacial period Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Which of the following statements about Earth of 56 million years ago is correct? Climate change was triggered by a huge release of volcanic ash. The climate was much colder than it is today. There was a decrease in ocean temperatures. Ocean surface waters were enriched in dissolved oxygen. It was marked by the extinction of many marine species.
It was marked by the extinction of many marine species.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Atmosphere Cryosphere Biosphere Geosphere Lithosphere
Lithosphere
Based on a comparison of satellite images from 1984 to 2011, which of the following trees has migrated by about 12 square kilometers north, along Florida's Atlantic coast? Mangrove Oak Pine Buttonwood Spruce
Mangrove
Which of the following is the cause of the presumed pause in the rise of Earth's average global surface temperature in the past few decades? Decrease in solar output A global warming hiatus Moderate surface cooling of the Indian Ocean Variability in sunspot cycles Measurement bias from the greater use of buoys
Measurement bias from the greater use of buoys
Which human-caused atmospheric gas is from the leakage, domestic cattle, and rice agriculture? Methane Tropospheric ozone Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide
Methane
Which of the following greenhouse gases is produced by leakage from landfills, by domestic cattle, and by the cultivation of rice? Carbon dioxide (CO2) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Water vapor
Methane (CH4)
Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called __________. geospatial periodicity Wilson cycles Milankovitch cycles Bouma cycles Mohorovic cycles
Milankovitch cycles
In which hemisphere are the northern lights called the aurora borealis? Eastern Southern Western Northern
Northern
What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins? An increase in the leopard seal population, who feed on the penguins, Has impacted the penguin population. Warmer temperatures have allowed diseases to spread through the Chinstrap population. The Chinstrap penguins are not able to migrate back to breeding grounds in Antarctica by way of sea ice because the ice is disappearing. Unregulated hunting in the waters off Antarctica has decimated the population of these penguins. Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.
Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.
What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs? Reefs will likely not be impacted because they are not sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide. Reefs will experience substantial growth, particularly in the Caribbean. Reefs will expand into the sub-polar regions, ultimately changing global fishing patterns. Reefs should experience a dramatic increase in calcification, resulting in localized spikes in acidification. Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality.
Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality.
Which of the following is the only viable explanation for the documented and observable recent climate changes, including the increased average temperature of Earth's surface? Major volcanic eruptions Changes in the Sun's brightness Variations in Earth's orbit Reversed magnetic polarity Release of human-caused emissions
Release of human-caused emissions
Which of the following is a natural factor that does NOT affect Earth's climate? Tectonic plate movement Changes in solar energy Reversed magnetic polarity Variations in Earth's orbit Volcanic eruptions
Reversed magnetic polarity
What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration? Large-scale migrations would occur from countries in the mid-latitudes to countries in the tropics. Rising sea levels would have virtually no effect as most of the world's population lives in inland locations. Rising sea levels would have minimal effect as sea walls are easily to build. There would be a movement of people from inland locations to the coasts. Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas.
Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas.
How do snow and ice on the surface of Earth affect Earth's climate? Snow and ice formation removes carbon from the atmosphere, thereby affecting the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Snow and ice affect the severity of volcanic eruptions, thereby changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Snow and ice absorb a large percentage of incoming solar radiation. Melting snow and ice add carbon to the atmosphere, thereby affecting the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Snow and ice reflect incoming solar radiation.
Snow and ice reflect incoming solar radiation.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet melting Deep ocean water thermal expansion Surface ocean water thermal expansion Tectonic uplifting Melting of terrestrial glaciers and ice caps
Tectonic uplifting
Circulation in which of the following oceans is particularly sensitive to changes in its deep-water circulation pattern that dramatically and abruptly affect climate? The South Pacific Ocean The North Atlantic Ocean The South Atlantic Ocean The Southern Ocean The North Pacific Ocean
The North Atlantic Ocean
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The dramatic and rapid climate change that is occurring on our planet cannot be explained by variations in the obliquity of Earth's rotational axis BECAUSE this variation has a cycle of about 41,000 years.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in solar output explains all of the recent global warming BECAUSE sunspot activity shows a strong correlation between solar activity and average Earth temperate since 1880.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The greenhouse effect is not a natural process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere BECAUSE it is now being altered by human emissions.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates is responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE during the geologic past, plate movements have accounted for many dramatic climate changes.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE large and long lasting volcanic eruptions may have been influential in contributing to Earth's climate shifts in the distant past.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Which of the following is the key to understanding how the greenhouse effect works? The change of wavelengths from visible to infrared How currents are created in the oceans The difference between surface waters and deep waters The ocean readily absorbs carbon dioxide gas How plants produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
The change of wavelengths from visible to infrared
How will increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels affect oceans? The oceans will become more acidic. There will be no measurable changes to the oceans. Commercial fishing will increase as fish populations increase. The oceans will start to shrink. The oceans will become more alkaline.
The oceans will become more acidic.
Why are scientists doing research in an underwater lab in the Great Barrier Reef? To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health To replicate future changes in oceanic pollution and measure the changes in the reefs To replicate future changes in oceanic temperature and measure the changes in the reefs To replicate future changes in sea level and measure the changes in the reefs To replicate the impact of overfishing on coral reefs
To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health
Which of the following is considered paleoclimatological proxy data? Air samples collected in Hawaii Variations in Earth's orbit Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice Present day coral bleaching Reversed magnetic polarity
Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice
Which of the following contributes the most to the greenhouse effect? Carbon dioxide (CO2) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Water vapor
Water vapor
The scientific consensus is that global warming has led to ___________. an increased frequency of hurricanes an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones a shallower thermocline and increased primary productivity A strengthening of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic
an increase in oxygen-depleted dead zones
Which of Earth's spheres are humans a part of? hydrosphere cryosphere geosphere biosphere atmosphere
biosphere
What process moves carbon from the lithosphere to the atmosphere? Decomposition melting permafrost photosynthesis agricultural production burning of fossil fuels
burning of fossil fuels
The current level of atmospheric ________ recently surpassed 400 parts per million. carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons water vapor nitrous oxide methane
carbon dioxide
Which greenhouse gas is currently contributing the most to increasing the greenhouse effect? tropospheric ozone carbon dioxide methane chlorofluorocarbons nitrous oxide
carbon dioxide
Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in the oceans? increasing ocean temperatures decreasing ocean acidity changes in deep-water circulation melting of polar ice increasing hurricane intensity
decreasing ocean acidity
The minimum area of Arctic sea ice cover has been __________ as air and water temperatures have been __________ over the past several decades. decreasing; decreasing stable; increasing decreasing; stable increasing; increasing decreasing; increasing
decreasing; increasing
Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include ________. eccentricity, obliquity and precession the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity) the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession) the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity)
eccentricity, obliquity and precession
Arctic sea ice naturally __________ during the dark, cold winters and __________ during the spring and summer. expands; contracts contracts; expands contracts; contracts expands; expands
expands; contracts
Currently, a little less than ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere stays there. one-fourth three-fourths one-third two-thirds half
half
Sophisticated climate models forecast a strong warming of ________. high northern latitudes middle latitudes tropical latitudes low northern latitudes low southern latitudes
high northern latitudes
Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in __________. high-latitude areas the deep ocean mid-latitude areas all areas equally equatorial waters
high-latitude areas
The most massive part of Earth's climate system belongs to the ________. cryosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere atmosphere
hydrosphere
Shortwave sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, where it strikes the surface and is converted into longer-wavelength ________ radiation. microwave ultraviolet visible infrared cosmic
infrared
Some scientists suggest we can increase the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by adding ________ to stimulate productivity in tropical oceans. calcium manganese magnesium iron carbon
iron
Combustion of fossil fuels results in a transfer of carbon from the ____________. biosphere to the hydrosphere biosphere to the atmosphere lithosphere to the atmosphere atmosphere to the lithosphere cryosphere to the lithosphere
lithosphere to the atmosphere
Which of the following lists Earth's carbon reservoirs from largest to smallest? For deep-sea sediments, assume an average value. lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere cryosphere lithosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere
lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere
Which combination of eccentricity and precession would best support a glacial period? maximum eccentricity and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs at perihelion minimum eccentricity and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs at aphelion maximum eccentricity and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs at aphelion minimum eccentricity and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs at perihelion minimum eccentricity and precession such that the Southern Hemisphere summer occurs at aphelion
maximum eccentricity and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs at aphelion
Which set of orbital parameters would result in the coldest Northern Hemisphere winters? minimum tilt, maximum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at aphelion maximum tilt, minimum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at perihelion maximum tilt, minimum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at aphelion maximum tilt, maximum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at perihelion maximum tilt, maximum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at aphelion
maximum tilt, maximum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at aphelion
The concentration of which greenhouse gas is currently increasing at the fastest rate? methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons tropospheric ozone carbon dioxide
methane
Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere? methane (CH4) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) water vapor (H2O) ozone (O3) carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane (CH4)
As sea ice melts and becomes liquid water, __________ heat is then absorbed from the Sun, creating warmer surface waters. less the same more
more
An increase in cloud cover due to higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a(n) ________. reversible feedback loop negative-feedback loop irreversible feedback loop positive-feedback loop neutral feedback loop
negative-feedback loop
Arctic sea ice reached a historic minimum in 2012 that was approximately __________ the size of the long-term average recorded during 1979-2000. one-half one-quarter three-quarters the same as
one-half
Currently, about ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere enters the oceans. one-fourth half one-third three-fourths two-thirds
one-third
Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called __________. palynology paleoclimatology paleometeorology paleontology paleoceanography
paleoclimatology
What is the primary driver of Earth's climate? solar radiation ocean circulation atmospheric gases surface reflectivity humans
solar radiation
