HWST 107 - Final Exam Study Guide
Why do some including the governor believe laws passed to curb homelessness will not solve the homeless problem?
"If you are just enforcing and moving people from location to location you are not really reducing or solving the problem. It's just making it someone else's problems. It's not like they can leave the state."
Why would Hawaiians be more susceptible to homelessness over other ethnic groups in Hawai'i?
- Māhele - Low education - Poor command of English - High rate of substance abuse - Low paying jobs - Tourism & military development
How much ʻāina is under military stewardship?
5.4% (236,303 acres)
Committee of Safety (C.O.S.) (Who are they? What is their role in the Bayonet Constitution?)
A 13-member group of mostly members of the Missionary Party and foreign residents. They wanted to overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii. Lorrin Thurston was part of the society and it was crucial in the drafting and forcing of the Bayonet Constitution
What is the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and how does it influence the Bayonet Constitution?
A foreign imposed constitution It allowed for tax-free importing of certain goods between Hawaii and the US, which included, most importantly, sugar. The treaty was modeled to seem extremely favorable to Hawaiian trade, which depended on the exporting of sugar. In reality, what the treaty did was establish the control and monopoly of the United States over Hawaii.
How much has Hawai'i's population increased since statehood? On average, how many tourists relative to Native Hawaiians does Hawai'i have on an annual basis?
A lot. At statehood, Hawai'i residents outnumbered tourists 2:1 Today, tourists outnumber residents 7:1, and Native Hawaiians 31:1
What are the Insular Cases? Why do some believe that the Insular Cases need to be repealed?
A series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War
Why do some experts liken Hawai'i's economy to that of a 3rd world country?
Because of all the problems the economy faces, mainly the homelessness and income/cost of living gap
Why does Hawai'i face a homeless epidemic despite having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the U.S.?
Because the cost of living is disproportionally high compared to minimum wage / average income
Why is Kaho'olawe the best example of military mismanagement of ʻāina? What did the military use Kaho'olawe for? Why was this behavior seen as abusive by local and Native Hawaiian activists?
Because they bombed the shit out of it over and over again. They then said they would clean up 100% of the island but really cleared less than 70% of it, and the island still isn't safe for people to live
What is the difference between the Blount Report and the Morgan Report?
Blount findings: US forces responsible for overthrow; Minister Stevens abused authority; provisional government lacked support; overthrow & annexation were unpopular Morgan findings: US forces exonerated of culpability; Minister Stevens exonerated; Queen Lili'uokalani identified as solely responsible for overthrow
What is the main reason for homelessness in Hawai'i?
Cost of living
How was Kaho'olawe returned to the State of Hawai'i?
Dangerous, dirty, and a lot worse off than when it was taken
What is DERP? Why do critics claim that DERP reports fall short of their intended purpose?
Defense Environmental Restoration Program Because annual DERP report to congress doesn't include FUDS or U.S. installations on foreign soil
What are some of the treaty's flaws as outlined in the reading "Niuklia Fri Pasifik"?
Does not address uranium mining in Australia Fails to limit movement of nuclear vessels within the zone Fails to limit transportation of nuclear weapons within zone Does not ban testing of ballistic missiles that carry nuclear warheads Does not ban nuclear facilities or network within the Pacific Does not cover Micronesia
What is the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900? What does it establish?
Followingtthe Newlands Resolution, on April 30, 1900, President McKinley signed the Organic Act which formally made the Hawaiian lslands a territory of the United States.
What is FUDS?
Formerly Used Defense Sites
Why is the Halawa Fuel Storage Facility of particular concern to the local community? What makes it different from other fuel storage facilities?
Halawa aquifer supplies 25% of Honolulu's water
How has the tourism industry commodified Hawaiian culture? Why does it do this?
Hawai'i is made into a commodity, molded into the image than is profitable but not entirely (or, in some cases, even remotely) accurate
Who did President Cleveland send to lead a Presidential Investigation into the overthrow and what did he do upon arrival in Hawaiʻi? What are the conclusions and recommendations of his report?
He sent Senator James Blount who wrote a highly critical report on the overthrow of Queen Lili'uokalani where he noted that the majority of native Hawaiians did not want annexation. He recommended against annexation and suggested the US government restore the queen. He was ignored.
What role did Lorrin Thurston play in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
He wrote the Bayonet Constitution
What is the Hui Kalaiʻāina and Hui Aloha ʻĀina and how do their efforts derail annexation efforts?
Hui Kalaiʻāina was formed after the Bayonet Constitution to give Kānaka political voice. Garnered roughly 17,000 signatures to restore the Queen Hui Aloha ʻĀina was formed after the overthrow to support the Queen and work against annexation. Garnered 21,269 signatures against annexation Both helped defeat Thurston's annexation treaty in the Senate
How does the large military presence affect housing in the islands, especially on Oahu? Why is it difficult for local non-military residents to compete with military personnel for off-base housing?
It allows landlords to jack up prices beyond the means of normal people so that only rich people and military families are able to afford.
What is the Monroe Doctrine and how does it relate to the Spanish-American War of 1898? How did the Spanish-American War change the way the U.S. viewed Hawai'i's value?
It defined American foreign policy throughout the 1800s. It stated that European powers would stay out of the Western Hemisphere and the U.S. would not mettle in European was nor in wars between them and their colonies unless said battles occurred in the Americas. It allowed U.S. to support independence movements throughout Latin America which would later be exploited and/or manipulated for U.S. gain
How does a high cost of living, competition for limited housing, and low wages add to Hawai'i's homeless crisis?
It is basically the entire cause for it. It also leads to substance abuse in children and adults
What did the Bayonet Constitution do to the citizenry & Mōʻī?
It limited Hawaiian monarchial power and in essence gave Hawaii to the US
How does the civious cycle of cultural misrepresentation at the hands of the tourism industry work? What is that "image" of Hawai'i the tourism industry fabricates and sells?
It makes Hawai'i change to fit the image it has created, and sells sexualized, convoluted, inaccurate portrayals of what the islands' culture and people are really like. They sell a superficial paradise.
Bayonet Constitution of 1887 (Who wrote it? Who was it forced upon? What was the motive for it?)
It was written by Lorrin Thurston It was forced upon King Kalakaua It was motivated by US businessmen who believed the natives were unfit for governing themselves and they wanted to take the power for themselves
Why did the Queen attempt to promulgate a new constitution? How was this used against her by the C.O.S. as justification for the overthrow?
It would have strengthened the power of the monarch relative to the legislature, where Euro-American business elites held disproportionate power. When the Queen informed her cabinet of the plan, they withheld their support knowing what her opponents' likely response would be
Despite indications that Hawai'i's tourism dominated economy is shrinking, why is the "more growth, any kind of growth" mentality adopted by some local politicians irresponsible and short sighted?
It's going to blow up in their pompous faces
Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea
July 31, 1843 Sovereignty Restoration Day the day the Hawaiian King was returned "the day sovereignty returned"
What event took place in 1898 that ultimate led to Hawaiian annexation?
McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution and forces annexation on Hawai'i
Identify the Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
Members of the United Nations...recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the wellbeing of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end: to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses
What role did USA / John L. Stevens play in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
Minister John L. Stevens coached the C.O.S. and had US troops unlawfully land on Hawaii. Also declared Hawaii a US protectorate
What do recent numbers released by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development reveal about Hawai'i's high cost of living?
Native Hawaiian families are twice as likely to live in poverty as is the average family in Hawai'i, 1/5 of Native Hawaiian families with children was living in poverty in 1999,
Why is corporate tourism not as beneficial for the people of Hawai'i as some would think?
Not economically sustainable, low wage industry, detriment to culture/'āina
Lā Kūʻokoʻa
November 28, 1843 Hawai'i's Independence Day
What is PACOM and where is it based? List 2 statistics regarding PACOM in Hawai'i
Oldest & largest of the United States' unified commands; area of responsibility covers more then 50% of the earth's surface Controls 5.7% of total land in Hawai'i Combined military branches in 2004 - 161 installations
What is the difference between Operation Crossroads and Operation Castel? Identify: Bravo Shot
Operation Crossroads: 1946 series of nuclear tests in Bikini, Marshall Islands. Done to study the effects of nuclear weapons on ships & equipment Operation Castle: 1954 series of Hydrogen bomb tests (thousands of times more powerful than atomic bombs) on Enenwetak & Bikini, Marshall Islands Castle Bravo was the first test in the series, mushroom cloud 7,000 square miles
What U.S. president comes to power in 1897 that supports Hawaiian annexation?
President William McKinley
What role did Queen Lili'uokalani play in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
Proposed a new constitution based on the 1864 Constitution and in 1893 agreed to a conditional surrender of the Kingdom of Hawaii
What is the P.K.O and what role does it play with regard to Kaho'olawe?
Protect Kaho'olawe 'Ohana
How were the Marshallese people affected by the nuclear testing in and around their islands? What types of health problems have resulted? What are "jellyfish babies"?
Radioactive fallout still too severe for human habitation, almost all of the children developed thyroid tumors, Marshallese = the world's highest rate of thyroid abnormalities. "Jellyfish babies" are born with no bones in their bodies and with transparent skin. We can see their brains and hearts beating. The babies usually live for a day or two before they stop breathing
Why did the Queen surrender the Hawaiian government to the United States government? What was the rationale behind this decision? What was the nature of this surrender?
She surrendered to avoid collision of armed forces and hopefully the loss of life. She was deposed and temporarily relinquished her throne in hopes that the US would restore Hawaii's sovereignty to the rightful party. She yielded to the US Government rather than the Provisional Government
How did Honolulu's rapid tourism induced population boom negatively impact Oahu and its inhabitants?
Some economists estimate that no more than 50% of tourism generated revenue reaches Hawaii's internal economy (~$10 billion annually) The rest "leaks" out of state to foreign investors.
Why was the Queen arrested and put on trial? What was the purpose of the Queen's military tribunal?
The Queen was accused of misprision of treason. The goal of the Republic was to humiliate the Queen and force her to abdicate the throne
What is the Wilcox Rebellion?
The Wilcox rebellion of 1889 (also known as the Wilcox insurrection of 1889) was a revolt led by Robert Wilcox to force King Kalākaua of Hawaii to reenact the Hawaiian Constitution of 1864 from the Constitution of 1887.
Ua mau ke ea o ka ʻāina i ka pono
The motto of Hawaii since 1959 Most famous line of the King's speech "May the life of the land be perpetuated in righteousness" (normal mistranslation) "may the sovereignty of the land be preserved in righteousness"
Define the term Corporate Tourism
The process by which corporations control the things the tourists do, resulting in most of the tourist economic income to go to conglomerates rather than the Hawaiian people
Why was the statehood vote unlawful in term of the question asked and those who were allowed to vote? Why are the numbers surrounding Hawai'i's statehood vote misleading? Why did the statehood vote not legitimize Hawai'i's status as an American state?
The question wasn't yes or no, it was now or later Only 60% of the population was allowed to vote Only 35% of Hawaiian electorate voted for statehood Only U.S. citizens were allowed to vote Violated the U.N. charter
What role did Committee of Safety play in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
They orchestrated the overthrow as part of the overall US annexation plans
What role did the Cabinet Ministers of the Queen play in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy?
They outwardly supported new constitution while secretly reported to the Committee of Safety Also stalled promulgation of constitution to land U.S. troops and overthrow the Queen
From the Sand Island Story, how did rapid population growth and urban development displace many Native Hawaiians & locals during the 1970s? What was the city planning to do with Sand Island after evicting the "squatters"?
They wanted to build hotels where the "squatters" were living. They were going to move all the "squatters" into city apartments, which literally none of them wanted.
Why is tourism identified as the major source of population growth in Hawai'i?
Tourism hasn't generated an increase in dollars flowing into the state to pay for more goods/services Tourism/Hospitality Industry = low wages --> many people cannot cope despite having jobs
What is the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands? How did the U.S. come into control of it? What is the status of the territory today?
Trusteeship granted by U.N. after WWII Originally divided into 3 geographical regions Today 4 sovereign states: The Republic of the Marshall Islands, The Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau being in Compact of Free Association with the U.S., and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the U.S.
Why did the U.S. hastily push a vote for statehood through June and August of 1959?
U.S. passed statehood in order to remove Hawaiʻi from the list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
What is the Turpie Resolution and how do the Blount & Morgan Reports influence it?
U.S. took a neutral stance in Hawai'i; terminated all efforts to restore Queen; allowed for recognition of provisional government = Hawaiian Nation in limbo
What kind of monetary compensation do they receive from the U.S. government? Is it enough? Why or why not?
Victims with: - leukemia or cancer of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine = $125,000 - severe growth retardation from thyroid damage = $100,000 Trust fund paid $79M to 1,808 islanders, and 46% of affected islanders died before they were fully paid for their injuries
What types of things/chemicals have been dumped into our oceans?
conventional explosives, old aircrafts, old ships, old vehicles, ammunition, more than 8,000 tons of chemical weapons, etc.
Identify: Treaty of Rarotonga / South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of 1985
established a nuclear-weapon-free zone. Signed & ratified by: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Western Samoa. Protocols 2&3 signed & ratified by China in 1987. All 3 protocols signed & ratified by France & UK in 1996. U.S. signed but never ratified in 1996
What is the "Stepping-Stones Theory" and what was the intent behind it?
the belief that the Pacific Islands would better serve the U.S. as "stepping-stones" to Asian markets, specifically due to China's importance. It was believed that Hawaii would be strategically important in increasing world trade which would increase the power of the U.S.
Honolulu Rifles (Who are they? What is their role in the Bayonet Constitution?)
~200 well trained Haole militia, outwardly loyal to the Queen but secretly out to protect Haole interests. They