HWST 107 Hōʻike 2
Aryan/Caucasian Polynesian
"Aryan or Caucasian or Polynesian" intellectual colonialism of Indigenous people's identities
How did the 1896 law regarding ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in schools contribute to a cultural bomb?
"English was the only language that could be used in the schools, and if they didn't go with it then they wouldn't get any funding" - KUMU
Different views of Polynesians developed. Identify: Noble Savage
"Noble Savage" childlike innocence, concerns over moral and industrial capacity, lived with ease in a tropical Eden and sexual bliss
Semitic Polynesian
"Semitic Polynesian" Polynesians are the descendants of the 12 tribes of Israel
Identify the term ʻAinoa? -What does it mean? -How does it affect Hawaiian society? -What influenced it? * How does the triangle chart change at this moment?
'Ainoa: free eating, abolishment of the 'aikapu system
Eurocentric beliefs: Define the term diffusionism
-Beliefs of social superiority Intellectual, spiritual, political & physical capacity -Scientific Racism -Racial superiority moves from ideology to doctrine as "fact" -Spread belief that Western Europeans were the "purest form of humans" originals from the garden of Eden -Diffusionism: "Polynesian people were the degenerated descendants of Europeans"/ The further you move away from the source of mankind the more degenerated you'd become
What is the difference between Mea Noʻeau & Fine Art?
..
In 1978, what 3 amendments to the state constitution were made that affected Hawaiian culture, language, and education?
1. "English and Hawaiian shall be the official languages of Hawai'i" 2. [The] State shall provide for a Hawaiian education program consisting of language, culture, & history in the public schools." 3. "[The] State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural, and religious purposes."
Describe 2 traditional functions of hula in Hawaiian society.
1. Centered upon the natural environment. Finds its inspiration, foundation and purpose within nature. Connects the Hawaiian people to the land that they find life through. 2. Connect the Hawaiian people to their past, mana is passed through words chanted and the dances practiced and performed. ~ Not just stories, but Hawaiian history to document significant events
List two examples of a "cultural bomb" from ANY reading or video covered thus far this semester.
1. The suppression of the Hawaiian language in "E Ola Ka ʻŌlelo Hawaii" and their attempts to revive it through the establishment of Hawaiian language immersion schools. 2. The article "Hula As A Resistance" by Mari Kanahele who discusses the suppression, banning and sexualization of the hula dance.
What is the official year in which the Hawaiian Kingdom was established? -What was the treaty agreement between the last Mōʻī of Kauaʻi and KI?
1810 Hawaiian Kingdom Treaty-Kaua'i: Kaumuali'i (Mo'i of Kaua'i) -Agreed that Mo'i could finish ruling until his death, after that K1 would rule Kaua'i
Christianity • When did the missionaries arrive in Hawaiʻi?
1820: arrival of Calvanist protestant missionaries from New England
Hula as Resistance: -When was this movement born? -Why did people begin flocking to hula schools during this period?
1970s Hawaiian cultural revival "hula as resistance" performing for the continuity of the cultural practice.... Used as a means to strengthen the Hawaiian people and tell the stories of the Hawaiians. Hula is revived to show those that have threatened the culture that it is alive and well...
Identify: Ahuʻula,
A feathered cape / pre western contact = colors hold longer / capes not aloud to touch the ground
(loko iʻa - fishponds) -What are the basic mechanics of a loko iʻa? -Identify: makahā. -Why was it so efficient in producing food?
Algae machine! brackish water in the shallow ponds are rich in oxygen and the shallowness helps to maximize the amount of sunlight concentrated over the pond. water gets circulatated. Makaha: "gate" water circulation, baby fish swim in thru the makaha, eat the algae, get fat, and can't swim back out to sea. 100x more efficient than nature
Video: First Contact How did the Australians view the Native population?
Australians were surprised that people lived in the valleys and they exposed the highlanders to their customs and materials.
Identify: Kapa
Bark cloth Wauke sheets of bark that have been wet and pounded in order to create a blanket like sheet that is then printed with natural dyes.
The Hawaiian Kingdom: Kamehameha domain • What island is Kamehameha from?
Big Island
After Hawaiʻiʻs annexation to the U.S. how does tourism and the U.S. military negatively impact hula traditions and practice? (be specific)
Changes the face of hula, "americanizing" Hawai'i Persecution of 'olelo and culture Distortion of hula: english speakers don't understand (words and therefore don't understand meaning), value of hula changes Military: sexualizes and feminizes hula, exploited for male gratification Tourism: exploited for entertainment, exploited for profit. Now embraces the said "sensuality" of hula and uses it to sell Hawai'i and hula
How does contemporary Native Hawaiian Art differ from Mea Noʻeau?
Contemporary Native Hawaiian Art is modern and is actually not always produced depicting traditional hawaiian values such as photography work featuring female hula dancers when in a traditional Mea Noʻeau, there would never be any portrait of such a matter because men were the only ones to dance hula.
What year did Cook arrive in Hawai'i and what did he name it?
Cook sighted Oahu on 1/18/1778 & landed on Kaua'i on 1/20/1778. He named Hawai'i the "Sandwich Islands".
According to Hawaiian tradition, why was Cook killed? Date and place of death?
Cook was killed because he killed first. If Cook did not kill, he would not have been killed. Cook attempted to kidnap Kalani'opu'u (God) & he killed a member of kalani'opu'u entourage.
• A cultural bomb is a powerful concept. What is it? And what does it cause colonized people to do?
Cultural bomb= the destruction of culture/ erases who you are "The effect of a cultural bomb is to annihilate a people's belief in their names (identity/ something very personal), in their languages, in their environment (environment is everything for indigenous people), in their heritage of struggle, in their unity, in their capacities and ultimate in themselves." - Kenyan intellectual
Where does the term Ahupuaʻa come from?
Cycles within moku with boundaries. These lead to more productive self sustenance. The work done within is dedicated to lono and are all based off of the cycles of Makahiki (celebration of Lono). ~ Boundaries marked by pig alters altar/pig: boundary markers, self sufficient, ahupua'a altar is where offerings of their best produce are placed during makahiki to entice Lono to return
Identify the Doctrine of Discovery: Why is it significant in terms of European colonization?
Doctrine of Discovery: Criteria for claiming land Even tho the lands were populated, they weren't considered "occupied" by human beings (being human was based on if you were Christian) -Territory of an indigenous nation or people could be transferred between Christian governments by a treaty -Royal characters of "discovery" granted companies or individuals to the work of claiming indigenous lands Coercion and subjugation of whole peoples Sought to convert, subdue and enslave natives -Used to diminish validity of international treaties between Indigenous Nations -Through the Catholic church, the pope gave permission to conquest, kill, steal the possessions of, perpetually enslave native peoples
Aside from converting "heathens" what became the missionaries' ulterior motive? What constituted a "civilized society" according to the missionaries?
English speaking, destruction of hula and "those" practices, western/european take over, land, power. English language, Capitalism, Democracy, Christianity are what defines "progressive/modern/civilized nations." • Sense of Euro-American superiority = Hawaiian inferiority
Identify: Pūnana Leo.
Established in 1984/ Preschool/ Non-profit/ Privately- funded Began with a commitment to preserve Hawaiian culture Unique= requires parents and families to volunteer bc it's non-profit "Way to build community" - KUMU
According to Herb Kawainui, who was responsible for making Cook a god?
Europeans thought him to be a God
Why are inaccurate or even negative portrayals of hula significant to Hawaiian people?
Exploits and diminishes the value of Hawaiian culture, changes the value of hula, sells a false image, all about money Hula is only ok in the sectors of tourism/entertainment (watered down version at that) Hula is reduced to mere entertainment, loss of sacred Hula becomes silly, seen as a joke Hula not seen as a serious cultural practice Reality that perceptions are very powerful, these sold ideas influence they way that tourists will respect/disrespect Hawaiian community and culture Cultural appropriation, non hawaiian people depicted doing hula or "blind leading the blind" "New authenticity" recent trend= images sold as authentic and culturally responsible The reality = same hula girl myth still around, just repackaged
What ongoing problems do Hawaiian immersion programs continue to face today?
Getting money/ funding DOE will divert money to English speaking schools first and left over is given to Hawaiian Immersion Schools -> They have to fundraise
Video: First Contact • What motivated Australians to move into the Papua New Guinea interior during the 1930s?
Gold was discovered and this led Australians coming to New Guinea
Language History • Identify these important language date, what significant language related event coincides with: 1853
Hawaii was identified as the most literate nation in the world with ¾ of their people with the ability to read and write.
Language History • Identify these important language date, what significant language related event coincides with 1978.
Hawaiian became the official language of the state once again and was taught in public schools as a course.
Language History • Identify these important language date, what significant language related event coincides with 1896
Hawaiian language is eliminated in the school system as the amount of time non english languages are spoken is limited. "English was the only language that could be used in the schools, and if they didn't go with it then they wouldn't get any funding" - KUMU All non english teachers were hence fired, Hawaiian students were punished and parents reprimanded for preventing their children from having a good education.
According to Ngugi Wa Thiongʻo, how should colonized people combat a cultural bomb (i.e. what is the solution)?
He says we can start by speaking the united language. "A people united can never be defeated".
Identify: Hiram Bingham, ABCFM.
Hiram Bingham and his wife arrived on the Island of Hawaii in 1820 and then sailed on to Honolulu April 19. In an effort motivated by a need to teach the Hawaiian people to read the bible, Bingham was involved in and played a key role in translating and the creation of the spelling system for the Hawaiian Language. He also translated several books of the Bible into Hawaiian.
Why did Calvinist Missionaries seek to eradicate hula?
Hula demonized, considered sexual and the "devil's dance". Hula persecuted because it maintains ancient beliefs and practices it impedes civilizing process
Identify: Te Kohanga Reo.
Immersion preschool program from New Zealand, established in 1981
Explain how Cookʻs image as an Enlightened European Explorer is misleading.
In European history he is seen as a wonderful man and explorer that "discovered" new knowledge and lands, when in reality he came and committed horrible acts of violence against the Hawaiians. He turned a vast empty space into a space full of history defined by its relationship to England. By doing these naming practices, it erases history and it gives rise to belief that Europeans have a right to return because naming was a sign of ownership.
Kamehameha domain What is Ka Lele Ka ʻAnae and why was it significant to Kamehameha?
Ka Lele Ka 'Anae (to leap + fish): Battle of the Nu'uanu Pali: May, 1795 ending point of a series of battles -An Island Kingdom is born Consolidating into One, appointed reps for each island
Identify Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani (what is the relationship between these two wāhine and why are they both significant in Hawaiian history?)
Ka'ahumanu: Fave wife of K1 (from Maui) Keōpūolani: Highest ranking wife, most kaput (mom of Liho liho (K2) Both pressured K2 to overthrow the 'aikapu system and extend 'Ainoa... K1 gives mo'i position to K2; Co-ruler (kuhina nui) to Ka'ahumanu
What Moʻī were responsible for maintaining hula in the 1800s despite increased persecution? -Who is the "Merrie Monarch" and what role does he play in hula?
Kamehameha IV Alexander Liholiho (1854) Kamehameha V Lot Kapuaiwa They host big luaus at their private properties, celebrating hula and hosting big performances Merrie Monarch: 1874-91: King David Kalakaua, the "merrie monarch" revived hula and declared it the National Dance of the kingdom Embraces Hawaiian-ness
Hula Traditions • Identify: Laka, Hālau Hula, Kumu Hula.
Laka: (aka Kapō) is the goddess of the hula ~ She is also a goddess of the forest and is chanted and prayed to when entering the forest to pick plants for adornments in hula ~ She is sometimes considered as Peleʻs sister.... Hālau hula: a school of hula. The group learns and practices together. Kumu Hula: The kumu hula is the main teacher of the hālau hula. He or she has been through an extensive amount of training and has graduated from their own hālau and has learned and given the permission to teach and begin their own hālau hula.
Pidgin • What constitutes a "pidgin" language?
Language of necessity / no ones first language/ learn it in order to communicate
What are the 3 kahua or pillars of Kānewai?
Laulima, Malama 'Aina, Pu'uhonua
(Māla ʻai - dry land farming) -Explain the concept behind the māla ʻai farming technique.
Mala 'Ai: systematic dryland cultivation, planting according to the natural vegetation zones. Lends to the concept of "fat-land" 'aina momona, able to produce in areas that are dry and seem like they couldn't be productive
Identify Richard Armstrong in terms of Hawaiian language.
Missionary Richard Armstrong: (father of American education in Hawaii) Wants every american child to be put in "a good english school" which would "open (the child's) mind to new and exhaustless treasures of moral and intellectual development" He's saying that English language= in order to get a good job you need to learn english
Explain why Native Hawaiian Art is still considered a Native practice despite being based on principals of fine art
Native Hawaiian art is still considered a Native practice because it is done reflecting the styles and beliefs of the Hawaiian people. Whether contemporary or traditional, the art forms of Native Hawaiians are usually perpetuated by the Hawaiian people and there is much more to it than the surface of the art such as the history behind it
How important are the words/lyrics in hula performances and why?
Oli= chant/ Most important part of hula The words and lyrics within the hula performances pass mana through the dance and make it more than a performance but also a story telling. The words of a hula performance are actually the focus of the dance.
Identify the following 3 dates in relation to hula persecution: 1830, 1851, and 1859.
Oli= chant/ Most important part of hula The words and lyrics within the hula performances pass mana through the dance and make it more than a performance but also a story telling. The words of a hula performance are actually the focus of the dance.
-What do population numbers indicate about Native societies? -How are population numbers negatively used against Natives?
Population numbers are revealing (impact of colonizers, devastation etc) high vs low population at contact. Native population declining (negative)
What is the difference between the Pūnana Leo schools and the Kula Kaiapuni schools?
Punana Leo was a preschool that was privately funded, on the other hand, the Kula Kaipuni schools was a Hawaiian Immersion Grade School and they need funding to continue to grow.
-How did the missionaries view the Hawaiian people? (Specific examples)
Saw the Hawaiians as inferior, Missionary Richard Armstrong: (father of American education in Hawaii) Wants every american child to be put in "a good english school" which would "open (the child's) mind to new and exhaustless treasures of moral and intellectual development" Non-English teachers are fired Hawaiian children punished for speaking the only language they understand Parents reprimanded by teachers for speaking native tongue to children
Identify the Doctrine of Discovery: What fueled European exploration in the Pacific?
Search for the "Northwestern Passage" and "Terra Australis" fueled European exploration.
-Why is the study of Indigenous food production capabilities important to Native peoples?
Society today is unsustainable: food production capacity & population size. Self sufficiency vs. dependence
Explain Momi Kamaheleʻs statement of "hula as resistance." What does she mean by this and what does this indicate for the future direction of hula?
Statement: described hulaʻs growth today. Hula which was once suppressed, deemed illegal, sexualized, watered down and just misinterpreted has been revived properly, with men and women learning hula kahiko (traditional dances with ipu heke or paʻu drums), hālau hula becoming popular and frequently formed and used as a means to strengthen the Hawaiian people and tell the stories of the Hawaiians. Hula is revived to show those that have threatened the culture that it is alive and well.... Future: hula is no longer meant to be danced only in front of tourists in a showroom. Throughout the overthrow, hula was still being danced in secrecy despite itʻs being illegal. She means that hula represents the Hawaiian ability to remember its customs and beliefs. This shows that hula is going to be huge and done properly, being taught correctly and shown as a representation of Hawaiian pride.
(Loʻi kalo - wetland taro farms & Kānewai) -Explain the mechanics of a typical loʻi kalo... -Identify: Mānowai, poʻowai, ʻauwai, makawai, hoʻiwai
The brackish water within the shallow ponds are rich in oxygen and the shallow property of them helps to maximize the amount of sunlight concentrated over the pond. There is the factor of water circulation. -Manowai: rock dam, allows water to flow over it and diverts water to lo'i system, other ppl can use water off stream as well. Water flow can be regulated by rearranging stones -Po'owai: head-water, -'Auwai: channel where the po'owai flows thru -Makawai: inlet and outlet for water to lo'i -Ho'iwai: "to return" water flows thru the lo'i system and back into the stream, makes the stream much more nutrient rich
Language History • Identify these important language date, what significant language related event coincides with: 1822-1823
The development of the Hawaiian alphabet AKA "pīʻāpā".
Video: First Contact How were the native people exploited by the Australians?
The foreigners were giving the Natives cheap shells as payment for allowing them to use their lands and work
What are Language Immersion Schools in the U.S. and what is the goal behind such programs?
The goal is for students to become proficient in the target language in addition to English, and to develop increased cultural awareness while reaching a high level of academic
How central is language to the cultural bomb concept? Why?
The language of a people who have fallen victim to a cultural bomb is the one thing that may revive their culture. Language is the solution to fight a bomb by uniting people and helping them find solace and strength within each other. Language does this by showing them that they are all connected and part of something unique and extremely important. However, the language is also the thing that ignites a cultural bomb with its loss and suppression, when a culture can no longer speak their native tongue, their culture is also lost.
What major development eventually drew Hawaiian crowds to missionary instruction?
The technology of reading and writing that drew huge amounts of Kanaka to missionary instruction
-What Hawaiian god was Cook mistaken for by Kānaka? -How did Hawaiians determine that Cook wasnʻt a god?
They thought he was Lono; they realized he was't a god when they tempted him with women
Captain Cook • What was Cook searching for when he first came across Hawai'i?
V #1 Purpose: observe transit of Venus, transport natural scientists (secret mission for Terra Australis)
Who was the first European to enter the Pacific? What year?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa was the 1st European to reach the Pacific Ocean in 1513
In terms of sustainability, why is it important for us today to understand ancient food production practices of ancient Hawaiians?
We learn important lessons about Hawaiian society past & present. We learn about our food production capacity and capability and how that relates with the size and health of our population.
What is orographic rain?
When clouds become trapped in the high peaks of the Koʻolau, mostly rain will fall there resulting in orographic rain. Particularly occurs in high volcanic island areas where the warm air is pushed up by the mountains. This results in heavy cloud cover and eventually rainfall.
Define the term Imperialism
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Eurocentric beliefs: How did Europeans view Polynesians as a result of these beliefs?
as a retard
Define the term ʻĀina Momona.
health, thriving, "fat-land" 'aina momona, able to produce in areas that are dry and seem like they couldn't be productive
Once Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani convert to Christianity, how does the triangle chart change yet again?
hiram bingham becomes "religious leader", the native people are further separated from people in leadership
ʻŌlelo noʻeau: "I ka ʻōlelo no ke ola, i ka ʻōlelo no ka make" (the definition, its traditional meaning, and its modern day significance).
in language there is life, in language there is death...Language= how we relate to each other / Key component of language is Culture / Culture cannot exist without language / If language is lost so can culture TRADITIONAL FIRST MEANING = Language has mana or power 1. Language carries mana and gives people the ability to tell stories the way they were meant to be told. Hawaiian language has a lot of kaona or poeticism that the English language cannot simply translate nor does it have the capacity to describe the vast amount of meanings Hawaiian words carry. MODERN SECOND MEANING = If language dies the culture will die 2. Today, the language is in the process of revival after decades of being shamed, even banned and with its revival comes the revival of Hawaiian culture, it needs to be taught carefully and correctly and make up for its lost time of not being used.
What is the difference between pidgin & creole languages?
pidgin: used as a way to communicate by speakers originating from diff languages creole: is developed from a pidgin, but it holds specific structures and rules, making it its own language
Where did Hawaiʻi's pidgin language originate?
port towns and plantations
Identify: Lei hulu
~ Feather lei/ poepoe style= rounded/ time consuming process Lei and adornments crafted of thin and fine feathers, there are many different types of lei hulu work. Such as poepoe in which the lei is rounded and crafted in spindles. Kāmoe in which the feathers are still creating a cylinder but are laid flat down as opposed to facing out to create a smooth finish. These types are usually placed on the brims of hats.
Identify: Wauke
~ Long slender trees/ Take inside of bark, adding water & knock/ female The type of tree in which the bark for kapa is taken from.
What other food sources were also cultivated in a loʻi kalo system?
ʻoʻopu, hīhīwai, ʻōpaeʻula, other food plants in māla