HWST 107A Midterm 2

The equinox and solstices mark the passage of and ________ and ________.

summer, winter

In Hawaiʻi, the earthly and celestial equator is known as Ka Piko o ________ (The Navel of ________). This also correlates to the first star in the "Belt of ________" that rises at exactly 0° ________ and its passage through the sky bifurcates the night sky into two hemispheres, the ________ and ________ hemispheres.

Wākea, Atea, Orion, east, northern, southern

."From initial eruption at the sea floor to formation of an island shield volcano, the process takes at least ________________.

a million years

The _________ _________ controlled the flow of water into and out of the pond and allowed fresh _________ into the pond.

sluice gate, water

The 'auwai or irrigation system was usually fed by a _________.

spring fed stream

When this northern imaginary line at 23.5° from the equator is closest to the sun, it marks one of the solstices of the year known to us in the northern hemisphere as the ________ solstice.

summer

What two solar events did the alignment of the temples walls seem to refer to?

summer/winter solstice

After producing the land, the first set of gods always includes Tāne/ Kāne, who has many body forms that give life - the sun, fresh water, lightning and thunder and who is most famous as Tāne-ho'a-rangi, Tane who sets fire to the heavens. The knowledge of Tāne is important because one cannot navigate without knowledge of the movements of the ________; where it rises on the horizon in a different spot as it travels from south to north and returning south across the equinox.

sun

According to the great Tahitian academic Teuira Henry, which temple did the ancestors in large double hull canoes bring everyone to?

the Taputapuatea temple

The most famous temple in Hawai'i-nui-akea is ________ (Sanctity or Sacred Space of Atea), located at the centre of our ancestral ________ alliance and religion of navigation, at ________, or now Ra'iatea, in a village called Opoa through the pass of 'Avarua (double pass) (Finney 2003: 63).

Taputapuatea, Hau-atea, Havaiki

It was at ________ that the divine knowledge of navigation, of medicinal plants and healing, and of resource management were taught and indicating the widespread alliance of worship and traditional knowledge shared among the cousins.

Taputapuatea

The name for the famous navigational center or sacred temple in Raʻiatea, French Polynesia is ________.

Taputapuatea

The temple name of ________ along with its gods, its priests, its prayers, its rituals of worship, and even its temple design, is found in many islands of Hawai'i-nui-akea, Besides in 'Avarua on Ra'iatea, Taputapu-atea temples are also found in Papeto'ai on the island of Mo'ore'a, in Tautira, in eastern Tahiti, in 'Avarua, the capital of Rarotonga, and in Te Whitianga on the eastern coast of Aotearoa.46 In the Hawaiian archipelago, Taputapu-atea, or Kapukapu-akea as it is known in Hawaiian, was found in Wailua (Ancestral Spirit), Kaua'i, in Waialua, O'ahu and in Wailua, Moloka'i.

Taputapuatea

The Northern imaginary line that marks 23.5° above the equator is known as the Tropic of ________. It is also known as Ke Ala'ula a Kane.

Cancer

The Southern imaginary line that marks 23.5° below the equator is known as the Tropic of ________. It is also known as Ke Ala Ma'awe'ula a Kanaloa.

Capricorn

King's figures were problematic because he did not take into account the quantity and quality of _________ to support the population across the different island terrains.

resources

The systematic organization of dryland agriculture may have been developed during the time of _________.

'Umi-a-Liloa

There were three main technological advances that resulted in food intensification in Hawaiʻi before Captain Cook's arrival. They were: _________, _________, and _________.

1. walled fishponds 2. terraced pondfields 3. systematic dry-land field cultivation

Thus Hawaiians raised the natural food chain efficiency of protein production, through farming fish, by _________ times.

100

The terraced pond fields were built approximately between the centuries of _________ and _________ by prominent chiefs.

15th, 17th

During the 1860ʻs the Hawaiian population dropped from the original 18th and early 19th century estimates by foreigners of 242,000 - 400,000 to approximately _________.

57,000

According to the Kumulipo, how many generations does it go back?

900

The English name for this star constellation is Orion however, it is widely known as the constellation of ________ (Wide Expanse).

Atea (Wākea)

A traditional food production method in Hawaii that removed two steps in the natural food-chain is which of the following methods? A. Terraced pondfields B. Walled fishponds C. Dryland or non-irrigated cultivation D. All of the above

B

The lunar calendar is important to peoples throughout the world for which of the following reasons? A. Both a and b B. All of the above C. Farming D. Fishing E. Honoring the gods

B

Which country was the most recent country to cease nuclear testing in Polynesia? A. Britain B. France C. All of the above D. U.S.A.

B

4. In regards to fish ponds, what are sluice gates? A. Gates that allow access for canoes B. Immovable gates for aesthetic purposes only C. A slatted gate that allows young fish to enter the fishpond* D. A gate to control waterflow from the stream

C

On which island was Operation Sailor Hat performed and by which government? A. Kirimati, British B. Bikini Atoll, U.S.A. C. Kahoolawe Island, U.S.A. D. Mororoa Island, French

C

7. Examples of systematic dryland cultivation are which of the following food crops? A. Mangos, Papayas, Coconuts B. Sugarcane, Sweet potato, Mangos C. Coconuts, Sugarcane, Pineapples D. Breadfruit, Sweet potato, Coconuts

D

Genealogies are extremely important to Polynesians and are recited routinely throughout Polynesia. In Hawaii the Olelo Hawaii term used to describe ones genealogy as the back bone of ones lineage is which of the following? A. None of the above B. Whakapapa C. Papaanga D. Mookuauhau* E. All of the above

D

The great environmental element that represents the god Kanaloa that traversed Polynesia symbolizes which of the following? A. Sharks of the world B. The great night sky C. Rainbows and Rains D. Oceans*

D

The largest landslides known on earth are the: north flank of_________, the northwest flank of the _________ Volcano.

Molokaʻi, Koʻolau

The ________ alliance was a religious-political alliance between all of the cousins in ________, including Hawai'i, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), and Aotearoa/New Zealand, and all of the islands within the triangle bounded by those three points.

Hau-atea, Hawaiʻinuiakea

Division of labour, a device often used to increase _________, necessitates centralization of _________.

production, authority

Slump block may fail catastrophically as giant _________.

landslides

What is the traditional navigational name of Polynesia?

Hawaiinuiakea

As the air cools at the south pole and travels back towards the equator, which direction does the cool tradewinds in French Polynesia come from? A. Southwest direction B. Northeast direction C. Southeast direction D. Northwest direction

A

Following the star constellation known as Wakea is the (blank) constellation that is followed by 100 navigational star signs. This constellation is known as the Makalii in Hawaii but is also known throughout the world. The common name used is which of the follwoing? A. Pleiades B. Orion C. the Six Sisters D. Wakea E. Capricorn

A

Which of the following celestial elements can be used to measure time? A. Sun and moon B. All of the above C. Stars and Constellations D. Sand and Hour glasses E. Oceans and winds

A

One of Haumea's daughters is ________, she is the goddess of the ________. It is ________ who teaches us about the movement of the ________ throughout the skies; this knowledge is crucial to navigation as well. Hina names each night of the moon and tells us where each moon rises on the horizon. She teaches us the ebb and the flow of the ________, and the prediction of ________ throughout the year. She tells us when and what to plant and when and what to fish for. She tells us when to begin new projects, and when to rest instead. She regulates the ebb and flow of women's blood and our fertility cycles; she regulates the ebb and flow of fresh water and the fertility of the earth.

Hina, moon, Hina, moon, tides, weather

Captain _________, second-in-command on the Cook expedition, used a measuring system that estimated the population to be about _________ on the island of Hawaiʻi and about _________ for all the islands.

James King, 150,000, 400,000

In the Hawaiian cosmogonic chant known as the Kumulipo Pōʻele is the female entity that mates with the male entity who is known by which name?

Kumulipo

In the 13th wā, or time period, of the Kumulipo, we learn that Haumea slept with Kanaloa (Ta'aroa) and that their descendants - the ________ clan - went to live in every corner of Hawai'i-nui-akea.

Maui

What family name can be found throughout Hawaiinuiakea that refers to a family of navigators?

Maui

The priests of Taputapu-atea were called ________ and ________ and they tended to the religious teaching in the islands in their general ________, navigating their way among them to bring new knowledge developed in the homeland. It is not surprising therefore that the family name Paoa is found in the far reaches of Hawai'i-nui-akea - in Ra'iatea and Tahiti in the center, in Rapa Nui in the Southeast, in Aotearoa in the Southwest, and in Hawai'i in the north.

Paoa-uri, Paoa-tea, regions

Laniākea, a popular surf spot, is also the name of the island in French Polynesia known as ________. Both names mean Sky of Atea, the ancient Sky Father, who is the constellation Orion.

Raʻiatea

The fishponds were built by some of the highest _________ approximately between the centuries of _________and _________.

chiefs, 15th, 17th

The irrigation ditches and pondfields were engineered to allow the cool water to _________ among the taro plants and from terrace to_________ , avoiding _________ and _________ by the sun.

circulate, terrace, stagnation, overheating

Fault scarps, a.k.a. _________, that are positioned almost parallel to the shoreline indicates that the _________ has failed and the current cliffs are headwalls of large slump blocks.

cliffs, flank

Unbuttressed or unsupported flanks of island that were built on weak, rubbely pillow lava may ________ if shaken by earthquake or if the volcano becomes too steep with magma.

collapse

A loose-rock _________ structure was built within the stream to build-up enough hydraulic energy to divert water into the irrigation ditches.

dam

A correctly constructed pond would eventually become _________, self perpetuating, and self proficient.

efficient

When the sun passes directly over the Equator, the days and nights are equal length. This event happens twice a year and is known as an ________.

equinox

The flow of the water was also controlled to prevent _________ of ditches and terraces, an engineering feat of no mean proportions. (a truly great feat)

erosion

Thus it is that Hawaiian traditions from the Kumulipo teach us how we, the descendants of Kanaloa and Haumea, are united by ________ and how all of the cousins were also united in a similar body of knowledge, speaking very similar languages. It was because of the ________ Alliance that we find nearly identical gods, prayers and rituals everywhere in Hawai'i-nui-ā kea.

genealogy, Hau-atea

What is the Hawaiian word for a sacred gathering place of worship or a stone built temple in Hawaiʻi?

heiau

The flow through the pondfields were controlled by the _________ of the terraces and the speed of the flow of water was controlled by the _________ and the _________ of the ditch.

height, length, slope

The genius of Hawaiians cultivating fish was the utilization of the _________ link in the food chain.

herbivore

The sluice gate protected the _________ fish from the _________ predators.

herbivorous, carnivorous

The Pacific and its western margins exhibit a number of different geologic processes. The geologic process that describes the formation of the Hawaiian islands is known as ________.

hot-spot volcanism

The pacific region displays each of the major processes of plate tectonics: ______, ______, and ________.

hot-spot volcanism, divergent and convergent plate margin processes, transform fault motion

Another food production system was the extensive _________ (stone-faced, terraced pondfields) and _________ (accompanying irrigation systems) that were developed for the cultivation of wetland taro.

loʻi, ʻauwai

The general term for a sacred temple or gathering place found in French Polynesia and Aotearoa is known as a ________.

marae

Because all knowledge is transmitted through the gods, knowledge and learning are sacred and must be done in sacred places. Therefore, Schools of Traditional Knowledge were taught at the temples in the presence of the gods. South of the equator these temples are known generically as ________, meaning a clear space (Me'ae in the Marquesas, and Mo'ai in Rapa Nui). In Hawai'i, our temples are called ________, a space where hai, or offerings, are made and where divine knowledge is hei, or ensnared.

marae, heiau

'Umi-a-Liloa was famous for farming, fishing, and for _________.

organizing the division of labor

Wherever Atea travels, he mates with the local earth mother and populates the land. The earth is always female, she is always the earth mother, and the union of sky and earth produce the ________ everywhere in Hawai'i-nui-akea.

people of the land

The landmasses that surround the Pacific and the islands within the Pacific have been created by _______ and _______.

plate tectonics and volcanism

According to 19th century Historian Kamakau, the scale and number of fishponds undoubtedly suggests a very large _________ in Hawaiʻi before Captain Cook's arrival in 1778.

population

All of the plate boundaries throughout the Pacific _______ through time, adjusting to ________ in plate motion.

shift, changes

The selected species of herbivorous fish, the 'ama'ama (mullet) and the awa (milk fish) removed _________ steps in the natural food-chain by feeding directly on algae, bottom of the pond and organic detritus (waste).

two

Dryland cultivation was characterized by a variety of _________ root and _________ crops grown for subsistence, and farmers would have gardens in one or more _________ zones.

unirrigated, tree, vegetation

When the southern imaginary line 23.5° from the equator is closest to the sun, it marks one of the solstices of the year known to us in the northern hemisphere as the ________ solctice.

winter