HWST Final
What types of things have been dumped into our surrounding ocean?
- All four of the chemical weapons dumped off Oʻahu are considered weapons of mass destruction under the United Nations' Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 - Chemical weapons and explosives are being dumped into the Oahu Seas
Why has Hawaiʻi been considered one of the meanest states with regard to homeless people?
- Hawaii criminalized homelessness • Banned for 1-year from public areas where previously given citation • Illegal occupation of public property (beaches; parks) = subject to ejection • If they return they face: Arrest, possible $1,000 fine, 30 days in jail (police sweeps of beaches and parks, the removal of benches where the homeless slept in Waikiki and downtown Honolulu, and the installation of razor wire under viaducts.)
How do land development struggles factor into the modern Hawaiian movement?
- The fight for Hawaiian sovereignty began in the 1890s and evolved in the 1970s - The movement is fueled by frustration & anger with regard to social justice, cultural identity, & irresponsible management of ʻāina.
According to the state audit, how has Mauna Kea been grossly mismanaged?
-$600 million for construction of 13 telescopes -UH receives a one-time infrastructure contribution based on telescope size. -UH "shall not damage, remove, excavate, disfigure, deface, or destroy any object of antiquity...or monument of historic value" - UH does not pay rent on 11/13 telescopes
How does the vicious cycle of cultural misrepresentation at the hands of the tourism industry work?
--> tourism/industry fabricates an image--> visitors expect to experience that image --> tourism makes that image a reality --> repeats
Why is Mauna Kea so valuable to U.H.?
-1967 - U.H. Institute for Astronomy 1968- Mauna Kea Science Reserve -Mauna Kea and UH Institute for Astronomy are dependable to one another.
Why do TMT proponents support this project?
-Advance scientific knowledge, technology and discovery -Provide jobs and stimulate economy -Support STEM and cultural education
Why is Mauna Kea spiritually and culturally significant?
-Ancient Burial ground -Hundreds of cultural sites & shrines -One of the largest, highest, & most complex stone tool quarries in the world.
DERP: Defense Environmental Restoration Program -Why do critics claim that DERP reports fall short of their intended purpose?
-CARELESS USE OF CLEANING AGENTS/PESTICIDES - IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE - LEAKING PETROLEUM PIPELINES - LEAKING FUEL STORAGE -LEAKING CHEMICAL WEAPONS - UNEXPLODED ORDINANCE -defense environmental restoration program of 1984 -formerly used defense sites -because they do not include FUDS and have failed to meet objectives
2 statistics regarding PACOM in Hawai'i
-Combined military branches (2004) = 161 installations (4 large, 4 medium, 153 small). -Controls 5.7% of total land in Hawaiʻi (236,303 acres). -Controls 22.4% or 85,718 acres of Oʻahu island.
What is the status of the territory today? (trust territory)
-Currently, the area is now divided into 4 jurisdictions: 1.The Republic of the Marshall Islands × Compact of Free Association with the U.S. 2.The Federated States of Micronesia × Compact of Free Association with the U.S. 3.The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands × Commonwealth of the U.S. 4.The Republic of Palau × Compact of Free Association with the U.S.
What is the difference between Decolonization & Deoccupation?
-Decolonization: undoing colonialism -Deoccupation: Removal of occupying force
Why do TMT activists oppose this project?
-Desecration of a sacred space -Destruction of fragile ecosystem -Gross mismanagement of astronomy district
From the video Sand Island Story, how did rapid population growth and urban development displace many Native Hawaiians & locals during the 1970s?
-During the 1970s, over 100 homeless native Hawaiians cleaned up the garbage that filled the island, built homes and took up residence - cost of rent went up and many could not afford to pay rent
Why did the U.S. hastily push a vote for statehood through in June and August of 1959?
-Hawaiʻi eligible for decolonization under territory status -U.S. passed statehood in order to remove Hawaiʻi from the list of Non-Self- Governing Territories
How would the TMT be unique compared to other telescopes around the world?
-It is one of the largest telescopes in the world -5-yr site testing = Mauna Kea has the best conditions for astronomy on the globe -TMT= astronomers can see back 13 billion years
What is the Akaka Bill and what did it attempt to establish?
-Native Hawaiian Reorganization Act -Provide a process of reorganization Native Hawaiian governing entity
What is the current status of the TMT project?
-OHA lawsuit Requests the court to: - Order the state to fulfill its trust obligations relating to Mauna Kea and - Terminate UHʻs general lease for the mountain for breach of the leaseʻs terms. Dan Ahuna: "Itʻs time to abandon any hope that U.H. is capable or even willing to provide the level of aloha and attention to Mauna Kea that it deserves"
Why are the numbers surrounding Hawaiʻiʻs statehood vote misleading?
-Only 35% of Hawaiian electorate voted for statehood -
Sovereignty Models: List some of their pros and cons - Free association
-Pros: Micronesian precedent; maintain international relations; Representation at the U.N.; Possible step towards full independence -Cons: Not fully independent; Would still allow U.S. military
Sovereignty Models: List some of their pros and cons - Nation within Nation
-Pros: Precedent - 400 nations recognized w/in U.S.; Protected under U.S.; Establish direct Hwn relationship with federal gov.; Greater powers over taxes, inheritance, domestic laws, police, and management of ʻāina -Cons: Requires congressional support; No access to international community; Still under U.S. control; Still subject to militarization
Sovereignty Models: List some of their pros and cons - State within State
-Pros: Precedent set by various tribes; Only requires State of Hawaiʻi approval; Comparable to a country; Limited powers over membership, ordinances (taxes, land use & zoning, limited police, etc.) -Cons: Provides the least governing authority; Seen as cumbersome, subject to county-state federal laws; Limited control over ʻāina
Sovereignty Models: List some of their pros and cons - Independence
-Pros: being independent
How did the U.S. come into control of it? (trust territory of pacific islands)
-The US came into control of it after they captured the Japanese control in 1944.
Define the term Corporate Tourism.
-The tourism of a country which is controlled by a foreign power -Focus on profit -Corporate tourism views Hawai'i as money
Where does a bulk of military controlled lands in Hawaiʻi come from? Why is this controversial for the Native Hawaiian community?
-U.S seized nearly 1.8 million acres of Hawaiian government and crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Ceded Lands) -Today, 112,173 acres (54%) of military controlled land in Hawaii = ceded lands - Lands taken without consultation of Native Hawaiians
Why do some believe that the Insular Cases need to be repealed?
-U.S. Constitution fully applies only to incorporated territories -U.S. Constitution partially applies to newly acquired unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines) - Full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to U.S. places -Full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to all U.S. citizens (living in places under American control)
Why is Mauna Kea considered one of the most important Wahi Kapu (sacred sites) in all of Polynesia?
-highest point in Polynesia - most sacred = most kapu
How did Honoluluʻs rapid tourism induced population boom negatively impact Oʻahu and its inhabitants?
-overconsumption: Oʻahu will begin to strain its fresh water supplies within 100 years. -tourist economy: increased cost of living, more hospitality/industry jobs which pay low wages -civilian work force shrinking -Tourism hasn't generated an increase in dollars flowing into the state to pay for more goods/services
What do recent numbers released by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development reveal about Hawaiʻiʻs high cost of living?
-the cost of living in Honolulu is among the highest in the nation • Family of 4 on Oʻahu - $83,700/yr. = low income - $52,300/yr. = very low income • Single person on Oʻahu - $58,600/yr. = low income - $35,200/yr. = very to extremely low income • Family of 7 on Oʻahu - $103,800/yr. = low income
Why is corporate tourism not as beneficial for the people of Hawaiʻi as some would think?
-the current model for Hawaiian tourism is not sustainable because the personal income average gets lower every year. There has been virtually no growth in nongovernmental jobs in Hawaii for 10 years
Why was the statehood vote unlawful in term of the question asked and those who were allowed to vote?
-the question asked was "shall Hawaii immediately be be admitted into the union as a state?" - only US citizens were allowed to vote, including military
Why do some local and Native people support efforts to restore Hawaiian sovereignty?
1) Survival - a solution 2) Justice - moral rightness
What are some of the treaty's flaws as outlined in the reading "Niuklia Fri Pasifik"?
1. Does not address uranium mining in Australia 2. Fails to limit movement of nuclear vessels within the zone 3. Fails to limit transportation of nuclear weapons within zone 4. Does not ban testing of ballistic missiles that carry nuclear warheads 5. Does not ban nuclear facilities or network within the Pacific 6. Does not cover Micronesia
What are the 4 main sovereignty models?
1. State within state 2. nation within nation 3. free association 4. Independence
What is the footprint or size of the proposed TMT project?
18 stories high (equal to that of a 50,000 seat stadium)
Operation Crossroads
1946 - Series of nuclear tests × Bikini, Marshall Islands × Study the effects of nuclear weapons on ships & equipment × More than 70 vessels assembled in Bikini Lagoon as a target
operation castle
1954 - Series of Hydrogen bomb tests × 1000s of times more powerful than atomic bombs × Marshall Islands (Enenwetak & Bikini) * testing a super bomb
How much ʻāina is under military stewardship?
235,303 acres
How does a high cost of living, competition for limited housing, and low wages add to Hawaiʻiʻs homeless crisis?
41% of Hawaii's homeless had been previously evicted for nonpayment of rent (2003)
How has the tourism industry commodified Hawaiian culture? Why does it do this?
A. "The consumer is always right" 1. mentality i. empowers costumers ii. disempowers service or product providers iii. $$$ iv. vendors compelled to comply with customer demands - Tourists indirectly influence the look & feel of Hawaiʻi - Hawaiʻi portrayed inaccurately; false
Identify: Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples aka the Declaration on Decolonization
Adopted by the U.N General Assembly in 1960.
How much has Hawaiʻiʻs population increased since statehood?
At statehood, RESIDENTS outnumbered tourists 2 - 1, now its TOURIST 7 - 1 -In a year, there are about 7.6 million visitors a year at Hawaii
Why are toxic military dumps in the ocean surrounding Hawaiʻi a potential problem for the community?
Chemical weapons and explosives are being dumped into the Oahu Seas
Who signed this law into effect? (Apology Bill)
Congress and President Bill Clinton
Explain the metaphor used by Dr. Trask to describe Hawaiʻiʻs tourism industry
Culture is "exploited" to sell Hawai'i as a prostitute is sold to make money for her pimp 1. Hawai'i is supposed to be "fun-loving" "aloha spirit" all the time. 2. The state itself prostitutes Hawai'i to the world. (sex sells) Not real images, exaggerated to sell people to come to Hawai'i.
Why do some criticize the treatment of U.S. citizens in these island territories?
Current relationships between U.S. and its Pacific territories are based on outdated racists views
How many telescopes are currently located on the summit?
Currently 13 functioning telescopes located upon Mauna Kea
What are the treaty's 3 protocols? protocol 3:
Each Party undertakes not to test any nuclear explosive device anywhere within the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone.
What are the treaty's 3 protocols? protocol 2:
Each Party undertakes not to use or threaten to use any nuclear explosive device against: a) Parties to the Treaty; or b) any territory within the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone for which a State that has become a Party to Protocol 1 is internationally responsible.
What action(s) has the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) decided to take with regard to the TMT?
Filed a lawsuit against the state and U.H. -Order the state to fulfil its trust obligations relation to Mauna Kea and -Terminate UH's general lease for the mountain for breach of the lease terms
Why did the statehood vote not legitimize Hawaiʻiʻs status as an American state?
Hawaii was not being acquired as a state but a territory. It was not a valid act of self-determination and ballot contained no other option besides statehood
What is the basis for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement?
Hawaiian sovereignty was established and internationally recognized; attempts have been made to extinguish it but the kingdom never relinquished its sovereignty, thus it still exists.
How was Hawaiʻiʻs sovereignty established historically?
Hawaiian sovereignty was established and internationally recognized; attempts have been made to extinguish it but the kingdom never relinquished its sovereignty, thus it still exists. • 1843 - Hawaiian sovereignty recognized on Nov. 28, 1843 - Lā Kūʻokoʻa • 1843-1893 - Hawaiian sovereignty reaffirmed through numerous international treaties • 1898 - U.S. violates international law by forcibly annexing Hawaiʻi (Newlands Joint-Resolution) • 1900 - U.S. violates international law by creating a foreign government system (Hawaiian Organic Act) • 1959 - U.S. violates international law by removing Hawaiʻi from U.N. list of Non-Self-Governing Territories based on illegal plebiscite vote (Hawaiian Statehood Act)
Why would Hawaiians be more susceptible to homelessness over other ethnic groups in Hawaiʻi?
Hawaiians = 18% of state's population, but make up 37 - 42% of Oʻahu's homeless population. Caucasians are next, at 26%. -native Hawaiian families are nearly twice as likely to live in poverty as is the average family in Hawaii -nearly 1/5 native Hawaiian families with children were living in poverty in 1999 - results children having lack of education, higher rates of substance abuse, which in turn could then result in homelessness
According to Dr. Trask, what was the catalyst for the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement?
Hawaiians did not support the annexation and overthrow...
How do U.S. military interests influence the acquisition of Pacific territories during the early 20th century period of empire building?
Hawaiʻi example Forceful annexation of a friendly nation solely for the purpose of U.S. economic expansion
Why does Hawaiʻi face a homeless epidemic despite having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the U.S.?
Hawaiʻi has one of the lowest unemployment rates in U.S. (2.7% - 5%) • Hawaiʻi: more service and construction jobs than it can fill - Fewer high-paying professional jobs than other regions
Despite indications that Hawaiʻiʻs tourism dominated economy is shrinking, why is the "more growth, any kind of growth" mentality adopted by some local politicians irresponsible and short sighted?
Lack of economic growth hurts for 2 reasons: 1. The population is growing • Each additional mouth to feed increases the demand for goods and services • Tourism hasn't generated an increase in dollars flowing into the state to pay for more goods/services 2. Tourism/Hospitality Industry = low wages • Too many people cannot cope despite having jobs
self-determination
Legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order
What does the name Mauna Kea mean?
Mountain of Wakea (sacred piko o Wakea) White Mountain
How were Native Micronesians depicted in U.S. propaganda films?
Native Micronesians were depicted as savages in the U.S propaganda films
What is OHA and what role does it play in the Hawaiian Sovereignty issue?
Office of Hawaiian Affairs -Semi-autonomous department of the state -State (ceded) lands held in trust for 1.The support of public education 2.The betterment of the conditions of native Hawaiians 3.The development of farm and home ownership 4.The making of public improvements 5.The provision of lands for public use -Manages money from "ceded" lands for Hawaiian community -Explore self-government initiatives
According to government projections, how much will Oʻahuʻs population increase over the next 15 years?
Oʻahuʻspopulationwillincreasefrom~876,000(in2000) to ~1,117,000 in 2030 - Increasing at about .8%
What is the P.K.O. and what role does it play with regard to Kahoʻolawe?
PKO stands for protect kaho'lawe ohana. Created in 1976, a group of individuals filed suit in the US federal court in order to stop the navy's use of Kaho'olawe for bombardment training. They wanted to ensure protection of the cultural resources of the island.
How were the Marshallese people affected by the nuclear testing in and around their islands?
Rongelap still too radioactive for human habitation × >90% of the children developed thyroid tumors × Marshallese = world's highest rate of thyroid abnormalities × Often results in retardation, cretinism and stunted development. * cancer
Why is the Halawa Fuel Storage Facility of particular concern to the local community?
Sits above the aquifer that supplies to 25% of Honolulu's water and the community does not know what is being dumped or where. in 2014 27,000 gallons of jet fuel was released
Why do some experts liken Hawaiʻiʻs economy to that of a 3rd world country?
Some economists estimate that no more than 50% of tourism generated revenue reaches Hawaii's internal economy. - $10 billion annually - The rest "leaks" out of state to foreign investors.
Did the U.S. intentionally expose Micronesians to radioactive fallout in order to use them as test subjects? If so, what evidence is there to prove this?
The U.S intentionally used the Micronesians as test subjects. They knew the possibility of how horrible the effects of the bombs could be on the people who lived there yet they continued to do test without evacuating them like they did for previous tests of smaller bombs
Why was this behavior seen as abusive by local and Native Hawaiian activists?
The native population has been displaced by the tests and suffer many health problems because of this
How does the large military presence affect housing in the islands especially on Oʻahu?
There were not many places for people of O'ahu to live, military can afford higher rent.
Why do some including the governor believe laws passed to curb homelessness will not solve the homeless problem?
They are just enforcing and moving people from location to location, not really reducing or solving the problem.
What is the TMT?
Thirty Meter Telescope
According to the U.N., what are the responsibilities a colonial power has to the people of a territory under its care?
To ensure their political, economic, social and educational advancement and to protect against abuses. They must develop self government and take account of the political aspirations of the people
What is PACOM and where is it based?
U.S Pacific Command, Oldest (1/1/1947) & largest of the United States' unified commands, based in Hawai'i
Who currently manages the summit of Mauna Kea?
UH
Why is the Apology Bill a hallmark event? What is the significance of this law?
US admitted the historical wrongdoings to Hawaii
Identify: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986
insular cases
a series of opinions by the US supreme court in 1901 about the status of US territories acquired in the Spanish American war. - people believed these should be repealed because they lack constitutional rights
Sovereignty:
actual authority, the supreme and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority
What are "jellyfish babies"?
babies born with severe birth defects(no bones, missing organs and limbs) after nuclear fallout on rongelap (only cases are Marshall Islands)
Why did the U.S. choose the Marshall Islands for its nuclear testing program?
because of its location away from regular air and sea routes
How did the U.S. nuclear testing program in Micronesia violate this U.N. declaration?
because there was a series of tests for the "super" hydrogen bomb that was 1000x more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped in Hiroshima.
How was Kahoʻolawe returned to the State of Hawaiʻi?
by the help of KIRC (kaho'olawe island reserve commission)
Identify: Treaty of Rarotonga / South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of 1985
established a nuclear free weapon zone in the South Pacific
Why is it difficult for local non-military residents to compete with military personnel for off-base housing?
in 2014 the average income of military personal was $9,061 per month which includes basic pay, tax-free housing allowances and the cost of living adjustment which adds up to $108,726 per year which is over $20,000 more than most families earn before taxes so may military take up most of the housing - some landlords only rent to military - many landlords raise rental rates due to BAH
What are the treaty's 3 protocols? protocol 1:
is of a permanent nature and shall remain in force indefinitely, provided that each Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Protocol if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Protocol, have jeopardised its Supreme interests. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to the depositary three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardised its supreme interests.
insular
island territories under War Department's bureau of of insular affairs
Why is Kahoʻolawe the best example of military mismanagement of ʻāina?
it is specifically targeted as practice by the US military and was supposed to be cleaned under DERP
What makes it different from other fuel storage facilities?(Halawa Fuel Storage Facility)
it is the largest in the world
Identify the: Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
members of the United Nations which have responsibilities for the administration of territories whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust.
What did the military use Kahoʻolawe for?
naval training ground and bombing rage by the Armed Forces of the United States
What role does rampant "overnight" development play in the sovereignty movement?
people had no where to go
What is the main reason for homelessness in Hawaiʻi?
poor education is #1 reason • Māhele • Low education • Poor command of English • High rate of substance abuse • Low paying jobs • Tourism & military development
Why is Hawaiʻi considered the most militarized state in the union?
the state of Hawai'i has the largest percentage of of its population in the military
What was the city planning to do with Sand Island after evicting the "squatters"?
the wanted to build a public park
Why is tourism identified as the major source of population growth in Hawaiʻi?
tourists out umber residents 7 to 1 and out number native Hawaiians 31 to 1
Bravo Shot
× First test in series × Mushroom cloud 7,000 square miles × Radioactive fallout - 236 inhabitants of Rongelap & Utrik
What kind of monetary compensation do they receive from the U.S. government? Is it enough? Why or why not?
× Victims with: × leukemia or cancer of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine = $125,000 × Severe growth retardation from thyroid damage = $100,000 × By 2003, U.S. trust fund paid $79 million to 1,808 islanders × Since trust fund could not cover all its obligations, 46% of affected islanders died before they were fully paid for their injuries. × Risks of most radiation-related solid cancers (including thyroid, stomach, and colon) increase gradually and continue to rise as the background cancer rate increases with age
Why were so many people throughout Honolulu displaced throughout the 1970s?
• 1968-1971 - Waikīkī added 17,140 hotel rooms (doubled state's inventory) • 1970 - nearly 80% of HI residents could not afford the new homes
The Modern Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement
• 1971 - Kālama Valley evictions • 1976 - Hōkūleʻa • 1976 - Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana (PKO) • 1978 - State constitutional convention • 1980 - Office of Hawaiian Affairs
What is that "image" of Hawaiʻi the tourism industry fabricates and sells?
• Hawaiʻi is misrepresented (locally & abroad) • Inaccurate myths of Native Hawaiians & their culture persist • Visitors ignorantly experience a false Hawaiʻi • Foreigners indirectly drive cultural change
Why were the residents of Kalama Valley even more frustrated with the eviction process (hint: whose responsibility was it to help them out)?
• State called for City & County to investigate the "problem of relocation of families living in the areas scheduled for development" • City & County claimed relocation = "private matter" • Bishop Estate claimed it had one responsibility, Maintain & operate The Kamehameha Schools