ICA's 1-16
Which of the following machines has more power?
A jack that can lift the same car the same distance in 30 seconds
What is a photon?
A particle of light.
Which has the more predictable behavior, an electron or a proton, and why?
A proton, because of its larger mass.
What, if any, evidence did Galileo have for the law of inertia?
A smooth ball slows down when rolling uphill, and speeds up when rolling downhill, so it should maintain an unchanging speed on a level surface.
Which of the following is more energy efficient?
A truck that uses 25% of its chemical energy to drive, while the rest of its energy heats itself and its surroundings
If we describe the double-slit experiment entirely in terms of electrons instead of in terms of fields, then which of the following is the best description of what one individual electron does in this experiment
) It goes through both slits.
You lift a book slowly from the floor to the table. You then lift an identical book rapidly from the floor to the table. Compared with the slow process, in the faster process your
) power output is greater.
In the double-slit experiment, the entire matter field or EM field instantaneously collapses to the single interaction point when the field interacts with the screen. This is an example of
) quantum tunneling.
Suppose you charge two transparencies by rubbing and then hold them near each other but not touching. Regarding the electric and magnetic forces they exert on each other
) they will exert electric forces but not magnetic forces
According to the nonlocality principle,
) two particles can respond to each other instantaneously, no matter how far apart they are.
The book shows a photograph of a human face, taken at shorter and shorter camera exposure times. What is observed at the shortest exposure times, and what does this observation demonstrate about the nature of light
Individual white dots were distributed randomly over the photographic plate, showing that light interacts with the screen in tiny bundles
Suppose I measure an electron's position extremely precisely. How precisely, then, can I know its velocity?
Only vaguely
If radioactive material were cut in to pieces, what would the half-life of each piece be
SAME
What is nuclear fission?
Splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones
In what kind of path would the planets move if no force acted on them?
Straight line with no acceleration.
Consider an apple in freefall. The Earth and the apple are pulling on one another through the force of gravity. Which pulls with greater force? Choose one:
The Earth and the apple pull each other with equal and opposite force.
According to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, what is gravity
The curvature of spacetime
If you drop a flat piece of paper and a wadded up piece of paper at the same time, the wadded up piece will hit the ground sooner. Why?
The flat piece feels more air resistance.
How is the gravitational force between two objects affected by changes in the masses of the objects and by changes in the distance between the two objects?
The force increases with increased mass, and decreases with increased distance
Suppose you viewed a movie that was running backwards. You would see lots of odd things happening: streams would flow uphill, and so forth. If these odd "backward-moving" things actually happened in nature, which principle or principles of physics would be violated?
The second law of thermodynamics
In quantum theory, what happens if an electron's wave packet is squeezed into a smaller region of space?
You decrease the electron's uncertainty in position while increasing its uncertainty in velocity.
Suppose you are on a spaceship flying toward Earth at half lightspeed (0.5 c). If you have a video chat with your friend on Earth, what will they perceive about your rate of speech?
Your friend will appear to speak more slowly than normal.
Suppose you are on a spaceship flying toward Earth at half lightspeed (0.5 c). If you have a video chat with your friend on Earth, what will you perceive about their rate of speech?
Your friend will appear to speak more slowly than normal.
An auto moves at a steady 50 mph down a straight level road. The net force on the auto is
Zero
The term "dirty bomb" refers to
a bomb that uses conventional explosive to disperse radioactive materials.
Which of these is not accelerating?
a car while it is moving at unchanging speed up a straight [or steady] incline
While a rock is falling straight down it has
a constant [or unchanging] acceleration
Two brief waves or "pulses" are sent down a rope, in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. Pulse A is 1 cm in height, and pulse B is 2 cm in depth. When they meet, they will create
a disturbance 1 cm deep.
According to quantum field theory, the essential reality is
a few fields
The forces that hold the nucleus together
act over only very short distances. are much stronger than electromagnetic forces. are attractive, that is, they pull in the inward direction. ALL
If you rub a transparency sheet with tissue and then hold the transparency sheet and the tissue at rest a short distance apart, they will then exert
an attractive electric force on each other, but no magnetic force.
According to the principle of relativity, an observer who has no communication with the world outside of her laboratory will be unable to detect
her laboratory's velocity.
Higher energy photons have
higher frequency
You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock will come down
in your hand
The Greeks abandoned their earliest cosmological theory (planets moving in simple circles around Earth) because
it did not agree with their observations of the planets.
A defining feature of "pseudoscience" is
it does not use proper scientific methodology
While a stone is falling [neglecting air resistance],
it is accelerated. the direction of its velocity is downward. its speed is changing. ALL
Regarding the validity of the law of conservation of energy
it is valid in every known situation--including those situations in which Newtonian physics is not valid
Earth's "greenhouse effect" problem is important because
it might warm up our entire planet.
The ozone layer is our friend because
it protects us from damaging ultraviolet radiation.
What keeps Earth moving
its inertia
what does it mean for an isotope to be radioactive
its nucleus spontaneously decays, releasing energy
One unusual aspect of dark energy is
its pushes outward on everything in the universe instead of pulling inward as gravity ordinarily does. B) it's made of a material that has not yet been observed in our laboratories. BOTH
If a microscopic particle's uncertainty in velocity is reduced,
its uncertainty in position must increase enough to satisfy the uncertainty principle.
The amount of energy consumed in one day in your home town could be measured in units of
joules
You throw a baseball horizontally, and Jill catches it. Neglect air resistance. The energy transformation that occurs during the catch is
kinetic E thermal E.
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a wind-generated power plant?
kinetic thermal electric
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a wind-generated power plant?
kinetic ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric
The type of energy that a swinging pendulum has at the low point of its swing is
kinetic.
Which of the following is a true "wave," as physicists define the term?
light
In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have
lower frequency.
In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have
lower frequency.
In quantum theory, a "wave packet"
represents one particle having a range of possible positions and a range of possible velocities.
In Ptolemy's theory
the planets move in circles-within-circles ["loop-the -loops"] around Earth
You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock comes down in your hand. This example illustrate
the principle of relativity
You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock comes down in your hand. This example illustrates
the principle of relativity.
Regarding the charges of the electron, proton and neutron
the proton has a positive charge, the electron has a negative charge whose strength is equal to the strength of the proton's charge, and the neutron has no charge.
The "drive force" that pushes a car forward is
the push of the road against the drive tires.
At the Three Mile Island reactor
the reactor melted down but this was accompanied by only a small release of radiation and no immediate deaths
Which of the following is a "non-renewable" resource
wood photovoltaic electricity active solar heating hydroelectric None OF THE ABOVE
Suppose that a certain atom has just the 4 different energy levels shown in the figure above. Which quantum jump produces radiation with the shortest wavelength?
from state 4 to state 1
Which particle plays the key role in sustaining a fission reaction?
neutron
One joule is the same as one
newton-meter
What is dark matter
An unseen source of gravity
Suppose that a certain saber-toothed-tiger contained one gram of 14C [half-life 6000 years] when it died. The approximate 14C content of the remains of this tiger 24,000 years later would be
1/16 gram.
Regarding the Earth and the apple in freefall, which accelerates more? Choose one:
Apple
Carbon-14's half-life is 5700 years. After 11400 years how much Carbon-14 would remain in a fossil
25%
Suppose you are on a spaceship flying toward Earth at half lightspeed (0.5 c). If you shine a laser beam toward Earth, at what speed will the light strike the planet's surface?
. Lightspeed (c)
In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have
. lower frequency
Historically, the earliest atomic model to explain electrical phenomena was
. the planetary model.
Consider an escalator moving upward at 2 mph. Suppose you are walking downward at 2 mph with respect to the escalator. What is your velocity with respect to the ground?
0 mph
The graph above shows the decay curve for a certain radioactive substance. The half-life of this substance is approximately
1.5 day s
If you run a 3000-watt hair dryer for 30 minutes, how much electric energy do you consume?
1.5 kW ∙ h
A blow dryer with a resistance of 6 ohms is plugged into a 60-volt battery. How much current does it draw?
10 amps
What is the work output of a heat engine whose thermal energy input is 400 J and whose exhaust is 300
100 J
Suppose you have a sample containing 400 nuclei of a radioisotope. If only 25 nuclei remain after one hour, what is the half-life of the isotope
15 minutes
Elizabeth lifts a 10 N book from the floor to the table, a height of 2 m. How much work does Elizabeth do?
20 joules
Suppose you slowly, and at constant speed, lift a book weighing 12 N from the floor to a shelf 2 m above the floor. Neglect air resistance. The work done by you on the book is
24 joules
A bone is dug up and analyzed and found to contain 1/16--one sixteenth--of the amount of 14C radioactivity of normal bones in living bodies. The half-life of 14C is 6000 years. Roughly how long has the individual been dead?
24, 000 years
14C has a half-life of 6000 years. An ancient corpse is uncovered and found to have 1/32--one thirty-second--of the normal amount of 14C found in the bodies of people now living. How long has the body been dead?
30,000 years
You ride a motor scooter 8 km in 15 minutes. Your [average] speed is
32 KM/HR
Consider an escalator moving upward at 2 mph. Suppose you are walking upward at 2 mph with respect to the escalator. What is your velocity with respect to the ground?
4 mph upward
Uranium-238 decays with a half life of 4.5 billion years. suppose a rock is found in which half of the uranium-238 has decayed. How old is the rock
4.5 billion years
How many half-lives have passed if 255 g of Co-60 remain from a sample of 8160 g
5 half-lives
You push your 2 kg physics book along a tabletop, pushing it with 10 newtons of force. If the book is greased so that friction is negligible, the book's acceleration is
5 m/s2
A certain type of atom has only four energy levels, as shown in the figure above. The total number of spectral lines produced by this element is
6
Suppose that a certain atom had just 4 different energy levels. How many different frequencies could be emitted by this atom?
6
The figure represents a multiple-flash photo of two balls moving to the right, and shows both balls at several numbered times. The time between flashes is 0.20 s, and the large divisions on the measuring rod are centimeters. The speed of the lower ball is
6 cm/s
What should be the resistance of a light bulb in order for it to draw a 2 amp current when plugged into a 120-volt outlet?
60 ohms
How much work do you do when you lift a 3 N apple by 2 m during a time of 6 s?
6J
Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope used in cancer treatment. Co-60 has a half-life of 5 years. If a hospital starts with a 1000 mg supply, how many mg will need to be purchased after 10 years to replenish the original supply
750 mg
Suppose that the electric force between two objects is 2 N and that you then halve the distance between the objects. The new force is
8 N
Which of the following describes an object that is accelerated?
A car rounding a curve at a steady 80 km/hr A car slowing down while moving along a straight line BOTH
Which of the following does not travel at light speed?
Actually all of these travel at light speed.
Why can we never create matter?
Actually, we do create matter frequently in the lab.
Which of the following observations lend support to the big bang theory?
All of the above
According the quantum model of the atom, which of the following best describes an electron in an atom
An electron is a cloud (wave) that surrounds the nucleus
Which of the following best describes the nature of an electron?
An electron is both a particle and a wave
According to the Big Bang Theory, how did the Universe begin?
As an explosion of spacetime and energy
What originally caused the sun to heat up?
As the sun's gases gathered together by their own gravity, they accelerated inward and collided.
The two figures below show arrangements of atoms. Which arrangement has the higher entropy
B the one with less dots
Which statement best describes the status of the Copernican and Ptolemaic theories of the solar system shortly after Copernicus invented his theory [about 1550, and before Tycho]?
Both theories agreed with the experimental facts.
What process is the source of elements Hydrogen, Helium & a tiny bit of Lithium & Beryllium
BIG BANG
Evidence that things are made of atoms comes from
Brownian motion from the observation that, when chemicals combine to form new chemicals, they do so in simple ratios by weight. B. the observation that we can smell things such as bread from a distance. ALL OF THEM
Evidence that things are made of atoms comes from
Brownian motion.
How do we know the Sun contains hydrogen?
By observing hydrogen spectral lines in the Sun's spectrum.
Velma is in a rocket ship moving north past Mort at half of lightspeed relative to Mort. She fires a laser beam forward from the front of her ship. Mort sees the laser beam move at
C
Which of the following is a unit of energy?
Calorie
What is nuclear fusion?
Combining small nuclei into larger ones
What process is the source of elements Helium through Iron?
Core of stars
The types of current carried by the headlights of an automobile, and by a plug-in toaster in your kitchen, are
DC and AC, respectively.
What is the most abundant form of energy in the Universe?
Dark energy
In what way is electric charge related to photons?
Electrically-charged particles interact by exchanging photons.
Which method of fueling your car is likely to be more energy efficient, and why: gasoline used in a standard car engine or electricity taken from a coal-fueled generating plant and stored in lightweight car batteries? Assume that the batteries convert electricity to work at 100% efficiency, and that electricity is transported from the power plant to the car at 100% efficiency
Electricity from a coal-fired generating plant, because such a plant runs at higher energy-efficiency than does a car engine.
includes electricity, magnetism and light
Electromagnetism
Mary pushes horizontally on a large, heavy table, which is standing alone in the middle of a room, and notes that the table does not move despite the fact that she is pushing on it (see the figure). Why doesn't the table move?
Frictional forces by the floor on the table legs acted in the opposite direction to produce a net force of zero.
When the inside of a refrigerator is cooled, does thermal energy flow from hot to cold, or is it from cold to hot? Does this happen spontaneously, or is outside assistance required?
From cold to hot. Since this is against the normal flow of thermal energy, outside assistance is required
How do we know whether or not global warming is caused by humans?
From computer calculations that "predict" 20th-century temperatures based on natural variations, then on human-caused variations, and then on a mix of natural and human variations; the actual historical measurements then show that only natural variations are important.
How do we know what Earth's temperature was many years before thermometers existed?
From such indirect methods as tree rings (the thickness and density of a ring is dependent on the temperature at the time of growth) and annual layers of ice in ice cores.
All of the these are combined into quantum field theory EXCEPT
General relativity
The star Betelgeuse is near the end of its life, and is likely to explode as a supernova. What will cause this explosion?
Gravitational collapse of the star's core
What happens as a book falls toward the ground?
Gravitational energy is converted to kinetic energy.
What form or forms of energy does a falling elastic ball have just before it is dropped from some height above the floor [see figure above]
Gravitational only
Does Earth's gravity pull more strongly on a block of wood or on a block or iron having the same size? Neglecting air resistance, which one falls faster when dropped
Gravity pulls more strongly on the iron, and both fall at the same speed
Which of the following works best for fusing hydrogen?
Heat it up to such a high temperature that collisions cause the nuclei to fuse
Which of the following is NOT a correct way of stating the Law of Conservation of Energy
Humans should consume as little energy as possible
Under what condition can a force act on an object and yet do no work on that object?
If the object does not move.
Your body temperature is about 98.6°F. Suppose you jump into a body of water with temperature 50°F. Which way does thermal energy flow
It flows from your body to the water
If we describe the double-slit experiment entirely in terms of electrons instead of in terms of fields, then which of the following is the best description of what one individual electron does in this experiment
It goes through both slits.
Suppose an electron in an atom drops from energy level 3 to energy level 2. What happens to the lost energy?
It is emitted as a photon
Two single wave pulses are sent along a rope. Both have the same height, but one is upward and the other is downward. As they are passing through each other, they will momentarily cancel each other out. What becomes of their energy as they are passing through each other
It is still there in the form of kinetic energy of the rope
What is one "kilowatt-hour" [kW ∙ h]?
It is the energy output of one kilowatt operating for one hour
How strongly, and in what direction, does a 1-newton apple pull on Earth?
It pulls upward, with a force of 1 newton.
What happens to an electron's wave packet if an accurate velocity measurement is performed
It suddenly changes to a new wave packet having a very small uncertainty in velocity, but a large uncertainty in position
Suppose you throw a rock. After it hits the ground and comes to a stop, what has happened to the energy you gave it?
It was converted to thermal energy.
If you drop a rock off a cliff, what will happen as it falls
It will speed up
Would it be easier [i.e., would it require less rocket fuel] to lift a rocket off the moon's surface or off Earth's surface, and why
It would be easier on the moon, because the rocket's weight would be less on the moon than it is on Earth.
If a helium-filled balloon is released on Earth, it rises. How would a helium-filled balloon move if it were released a few feet above the surface of the moon?
It would fall at the same rate a rock falls when dropped on the moon
Which of the following energy transformations represents the operation of a wind turbine [a device that uses the wind as an energy resource]?
Kin E ⇒ Electric E
Which of the following best describes the nature of light
Light is both a particle and a wave
What does the equation E=mc2 mean?
Mass is a form of energy
Which of the following has the effect of reducing the gravitational force between two objects?
Moving the two objects farther apart.
Suppose I perform a double-slit experiment on a single electron. Is it possible to predict where the electron will land?
NO
Suppose a rock and a feather are dropped from the same height in a vacuum (no air resistance). Which will hit the ground first?
Neither. They will hit the ground at the same time
is the study of motion in everyday objects
Newtonian mechanics
Is a fuel-cell vehicle properly described as a "heat engine"?
No, because it converts chemical energy directly to electric energy.
Is it possible to prove, for certain, that a scientific theory is true?
No, because it is always possible that a future experiment will disagree with the theory.
A certain meteoroid [a rock in space] has been moving through our solar system ever since the solar system was formed, 5 billion years ago. Suppose the meteoroid is far from all planets and stars, so that the effect of gravity is negligible. Neglecting gravity, is any physical work being done on the meteoroid?
No, because no forces are exerted on the meteoroid.
The Theory of Evolution says that species evolve with time. The species of today are much more complex than the species of 3 billion years ago. Does the Theory of Evolution violate the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics?
No, because organisms dump their entropy into the environment.
Does a nuclear power plant have a "smoke" stack, and why?
No, because the plant does not combust its fuel.
A physics professor pushes against a stationary wall, "working" up a sweat. Is he doing any actual physical work on the wall?
No, because the wall is not moving.
According to the theory of relativity, is everything relative
No, lightspeed is not relative
Is everything in the universe expanding?
No, the Milky Way galaxy is not expanding
In the general theory of relativity, we assume the observer to be
None of the above
According to current theories, how did the sun's planets get here
Part of the gas and dust that gathered together to form the sun went into orbit around the sun instead of falling into the sun, and this part formed the planets.
A particle of light is called a
Photon
According to Newton's Theory of Gravity, the moon and the planet are pulling on one another gravitationally. The gravitational force between them depends on which of the following?
Pluto and Charon's mass B. Pluto and Charon's velocity C. The distance between them ANSWER: A and C
includes the wave-particle duality
Quantum mechanics
What happens when a soccer player kicks a ball?
She transfers some chemical energy in her body to kinetic energy in the ball
is the study of motion neat light speed
Special relativity
Suppose we could magically double the mass of the moon, double the mass of Earth, and double the distance between Earth and the moon, all at the same time. How would this affect the force that the moon exerts on Earth
The force would be unchanged.
What is not predictable in the double-slit experiment with electrons?
The individual impact point of each electron on the screen.
Which of the following is a feature of quantum physics but not a feature of Newtonian physics
The observation process must be included as part of the theory.
In the electron double-slit experiment with electrons, what happens when a detector is used to determine through which slit the electron actually passes?
The pattern on the screen suddenly becomes a non-interference pattern.
Einstein's Relativity seems to say that, if Mort and Velma are twins and Velma goes on a trip and then returns, Velma will then be younger than Mort and Mort will be younger than Velma. What is wrong with this reasoning?
The prediction about Velma's observation is not correct, because Velma is accelerated.
Which scientific theory or theories of the atom agrees with all of the atomic experiments performed to date?
The quantum theory of the atom.
Which of the following is NOT a way of stating the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
The total entropy of an organism increases with time.
Object A has an electric charge that is 10 times larger than the charge on object B. When placed near each other, how does the force by A on B compare with the force by B on A?
They are equal
Object A has an electric charge that is 10 times larger than the charge on object B. When placed near each other, how does the force by A on B compare with the force by B on A?
They are equal.
Suppose you released a single proton from rest at some point X in an electric field, and that you then released a single electron from rest at the same point X. How would the motions of the proton and electron compare, just after their release from rest
They would move in opposite directions, and the electron would move fastest.
) In the "special theory of relativity," what does the word "special" refer to?
This theory is restricted to the observations of non-accelerated observers
In the "special theory of relativity," what does the word "special" refer to?
This theory is restricted to the observations of non-accelerated observers.
One way of stating the principle of relativity is:
Unless you look outside, you cannot tell how fast you are going
Most quarks end up being
Up and down quarks
Mort is on Earth, and Velma passes him at a high speed. Mort and Velma each carry a standard kilogram. Concerning the kilograms, Velma observes that
Velma's has a mass of 1 kilogram, but Mort's is more massive than 1 kilogram.
What is dark energy
Whatever is causing the Universe's expansion to accelerate
Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a larger wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies
Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.
Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a longer wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies
Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.
Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a larger wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies,
Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.
Suppose I perform a double-slit experiment on 1 million electrons. Is it possible to predict the pattern they will make then they land?
YES
Velma bicycles northward at an unchanging speed of 4 m/s, and Mort jogs southward at an unchanging speed of 4 m/s. Are Velma and Mort in relative motion?
Yes, because they have different velocities
Is it possible to prove, for certain, that a scientific theory is false?
Yes, by means of a single confirmed experiment that contradicts the theory
The figure shows the moon orbiting around Earth. Suppose that the direction of the moon's motion is counter-clockwise. Is any net force exerted on the moon?
Yes, in the direction of arrow C
Can anything go faster than light?
Yes, space can expand at faster then lightspeed
Is it possible to send waves to the moon from Earth?
Yes, we could send an electromagnetic wave
Is it possible to send waves to the moon from Earth
Yes, we could send an electromagnetic wave.
Which of these uses thermal energy to do work?
a hot air balloon
In one popular type of fusion reaction, 2H fuses with 3H to yield 4He and
a neutron.
Radioactive decay occurs when
a nucleus emits a particle spontaneously
A photon is
a particle-like quantum of radiation.
Chemical energy is transformed into gravitational energy when
a person walks uphill.
In pair creation, an electron-positron pair is created from
a photon
A neutral atom loses one of its electrons. It is then
a positive ion`
If two electrons are at rest a short distance apart, they will feel
a repulsive electric force, but no magnetic force
If two transparency sheets are rubbed with tissue and the transparency sheets are then held at rest a short distance from each other, the force between them will be
a repulsive electric force.
Suppose we subject a golf ball and a more massive lead ball to identical net forces. Then, compared to the golf ball, the lead ball must have
a smaller acceleration.
A "wave" could best be defined as
a transfer of a disturbance from one point to another without any corresponding transfer of matter
The idea that everything is made of small particles is
a useful theory, but not known for certain.
The accident at Three Mile Island began when
a water pump failed.
Edgar Jones, angry at having purchased a tasteless pizza, drops his pizza off the Brooklyn bridge. As it falls, Edgar's pizza has a constant [or unchanging]
acceleration
The main point of Newton's law of motion is that forces cause
acceleration.
Galileo's principle of falling is limited by the condition that
air resistance must be negligible.
In an electrical circuit, the number of "amperes" measures the
amount of electric current flowing around the circuit
In an electrical circuit, the number of "amperes" measures the
amount of electric current flowing around the circuit.
An atom of "anti-hydrogen" would be made of
an anti-proton and a positron.
An "ion" is
an atom with an excess or deficiency of electrons.
A proton is maintained at rest in the middle of a box that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Assuming that the box is isolated from all external influences, which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X inside the box?
an electric field
A proton is maintained at rest in the middle of a box that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Assuming that the box is isolated from all external influences, which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X inside the box?
an electric field
A proton moves through a small box that is isolated from all external influences and that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X [away from the proton] inside the box?
an electric field a magnetic field BOTH
During the double-slit experiment with light, the region between the slits and the screen contains
an electromagnetic field.
When an atom emits radiation
an electron makes a quantum jump from one quantum state to another
The distinction between an "element" and an "isotope" is
an element has a specific number of protons; an isotope has a specific number of both protons and neutrons
Since 1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts, and 1 hour equals 3600 seconds, it follows that the kilowatt-hour is
an energy of 3.6 million joules
While a rock is falling straight down it has
an increasing velocity.
Dark matter is made of
an unknown material that has never been directly observed in laboratories.
According to the philosophy of Democritus
atoms are real.
Einstein's principle of the constancy of lightspeed and principle of relativity are
assumptions which cannot be proven. the hbasic principles of his theory of relativity BOTH
Reasoning from the fact that it is difficult to pull a nucleus apart, we can conclude that the nuclear force must
be attractive and very strong
Why can we never create energy?
because energy is always conserved
The combustion product that is created in the largest amounts by a coal-burning generating plant is
carbon dioxide, which goes up the plant's stack and into the atmosphere.
All magnetic forces are produced by
charges in motion
The energy conversion represented by an automobile speeding up along a level road is
chemical to kinetic
Elizabeth lifts a book from the floor to the table. The energy transformation is
chemical ⇒ gravitational.
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a coal-fired power plant
chemical ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a coal-fired power plant?
chemical ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric
In the final phases of its "life", our sun will
collapse to become a white dwarf.
For light waves, different frequencies mean different
colors.
The universe is made mostly of
dark energy
When an atom emits a photon, the atom's mass
decreases slightly.
Physicists use bubble chambers primarily for the purpose of
detecting sub-atomic particles.
In order to quadruple an object's kinetic energy, we must
double its speed.
According to the uncertainty principle, a particle such as an electron
does not have a precise position or a precise velocity.
Which of the following is an example of chemical energy?
e energy stored in firewood that has been gathered for burning the energy stored in your body, that enables you to do work BOTH
Earth's magnetism arises from
electric currents in Earth's interior
What form of energy do electrons have when they're at rest on the negative terminal of an isolated (not connected to an electrical circuit) batters?
electrical
Which of the following is considered by scientists to be physically "real," but yet is not made of atoms or of other material particles such as protons, electrons, etc
electromagnetic fields
Which of the following has the longest wavelength, assuming that they all have the same speed?
electron
The magnetic forces exerted by a permanent magnet are due to
electrons moving in atoms
At the microscopic level, electric currents in wires are due to
electrons traveling along the wire
Which of the following is transported by all traveling waves?
energy
A block of wood slides to a stop along a tabletop. In this process,
energy remains unchanged but energy quality is lost
A block of wood slides to a stop along a tabletop. In this process
energy remains unchanged but energy quality is lost.
How often, on average, does a fossil fuel pipe leak, burst or explode in the United States?
every 2 weeks
To what two quantities is work proportional?
force and distance
Which of the following is not one of the four fundamental forces in nature
frictional force
is the study of gravity
general relativity
Which of these problems arise partly from coal-fired power plants but not from nuclear power plants?
global warming acid rain Both of the above.
the exchange particles for the strong force are
gluons
Galaxies seem to be made mostly of dark matter. One type of evidence for this comes from observations of the
gravitational bending of light from distant galaxies as it passes other galaxies on its way to Earth.
Galaxies seem to be made mostly of dark matter. One type of evidence for this comes from observations of the
gravitational bending of light from distant galaxies as it passes other galaxies on its way to Earth.
The type of energy that a swinging pendulum has at the high point of its swing is
gravitational.
The strong force is to gluons as the gravitational force is to
gravitons.
According to the principle of equivalence, acceleration is equivalent to
gravity
Two electromagnetic have different frequencies but equal amplitudes. The one with higher frequency has the
greater energy
The figure above shows a marble rolling freely back and forth along a curved track. The track is positioned vertically. At position A its gravitational energy is
greater than its gravitational energy at B
According to quantum theory, a macroscopic object such as a baseball
has a very long wavelength
Dark energy
has mass. has never been directly observed in the laboratory. pushes on space. ALL
According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, electrons are more unpredictable than protons. This is because electrons
have a smaller mass
According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, electrons are more unpredictable than protons. This is because electrons
have a smaller mass.
Which of the following is a "renewable" resource?
hydro-electric
In the figure, the moon is moving clockwise in a circular orbit around Earth. Imagine that gravity was suddenly shut off, throughout the solar system, at the instant when the moon is in the position shown in the figure. How would the moon move, after gravity was shut off
in the direction of arrow b in a straight line
Suppose Earth collapsed down to one-tenth of its present radius, while retaining all of its present mass. Compared to your present weight, your weight would then be
increased by a factor of 100.
It's impossible to make elements heavier than ???? through nuclear fusion without putting in more energy
iron
A 1 newton apple hangs from a tree branch. The force by the apple on Earth
is 1 newton upward.
When we say that an electromagnetic field is "quantized," we mean that it
is allowed to have only certain particular values of total energy.
One phenomenon that supports the wave theory of radiation is
interference effects with light.
According to the planetary model, an atom is
made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
The amount of dark matter in the universe is
many times more than the amount of visible matter.
The big bang created
matter and energy. space and time.
One philosophical difference between Newtonian and quantum physics is
nature is predictable according to Newtonian physics, but nature is unpredictable according to quantum theory.
An anti-proton would have
negative charge and positive mass.
Although electrons do not normally have precise positions, you can cause an electron to have a (fairly) precise position by
measuring its position.
Although electrons do not normally have precise velocities, you can cause an electron to have a (fairly) precise velocity by
measuring its velocity
As a particle's uncertainty in position gets smaller, its uncertainty in velocity
must increase enough to satisfy the uncertainty principle
A 10 kg meteor moves through outer space, far from all gravitational influences. How much work
none
One situation in which the law of conservation of energy is violated is
nonsense--no violations of this law have ever been observed
Velma is in a train moving north at 20 m/s. She throws a stone toward the rear of the train, at 5 m/s relative to herself. Mort, standing beside the tracks, sees the stone move
north at 15 m/s.
In a self-sustaining fusion reaction, such as occurs in the sun,
nuclear energy is converted to other forms of energy.
In a fission reaction, such as occurs in a nuclear power plant
nuclear energy is converted to thermal energy and other forms of energy
The A-bomb is based on
nuclear fission
Most of the following energy resources provide useful energy in the United States today. Which one does not
nuclear fusion
What causes the Sun to shine
nuclear fusion
The source of the sun's energy is
nuclear fusion.
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a nuclear power plant
nuclear thermal electric
A book is given a brief shove along a table top and released so that it slides a short distance and comes to rest. Galileo would say that the book stopped because
of friction
A stone is lifted and released so that it falls to the ground. According to Galileo, it fell because
of gravity
Which one has more weight?
one kilogram of cotton and stone they are the same
When you pull an object, such as a table, across the floor, the forward force by you on the table is equal but opposite to the backward force by the table on you. It seems as though these two forces should balance out, so that the table can't be moved. But the table does move, because
only one of these two forces actually acts on the table.
The electron microscope is based on the principle that
particles of matter have certain wave like properties.
Which of the following are quanta of the electromagnetic field?
photons
Historically, the earliest atomic model to explain electrical phenomena was
the planetary model.
The kilowatt is a measure of
power
A key component of one type of spectroscope for visible radiation is the
prism for separating the radiation beam
Regarding the relation between acceleration, force, and mass, an object's acceleration is
proportional to the force on it and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
Referring to the figure above, the photons of lowest energy are produced by
quantum jumps from state 4 to 3.
What are protons and neutrons made of?
quarks
When water evaporates from the ocean and rises into the atmosphere, the energy transformation is
radiant energy =>gravitational energy
Nuclear fusion creates
radiant energy. thermal energy.
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a solar-heated power plant
radiant thermal electric
Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a solar-heated power plant?
radiant ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric
Velma zooms past Mort at half of lightspeed. Mort observes Velma's clock. He observes that her clock runs
slow
Velma zooms past Mort at half of lightspeed. Velma observes Mort's clock to run
slow
A "force" could be best described as
something one body does to another body that can cause the second body to accelerate.
Jet planes operate by
sucking in air, heating it , and allowing it to expand out the back end of the engine.
The astronomical phenomenon that created the elements heavier than iron is
supernova explosions.
A battery's "voltage" is
the amount of energy it gives to each coulomb of electrical charge
The positron is
the anti-particle to the electron.
Ernest Rutherford's experiments in which alpha rays pass through a thin piece of metal foil demonstrated that
the atom contains a tiny nucleus containing most of the atom's mass. neutrons exist.
In Ptolemy's theory, retrograde planetary motion is explained as
the backward part of the planet's loop-the-loop orbits around Earth.
According to Einstein, gravity is
the bending of space that is caused by masses.
Energy" could best be defined as
the capacity to do work.
The evidence favors a universe whose overall geometry is flat. That evidence comes from observations of
the cosmic background radiation
One phenomenon or experiment that supports the wave theory of matter is
the double-slit experiment with electrons
The fundamental force responsible for the chemical properties of atoms is
the electromagnetic force. friction.
One practical application of matter waves is
the electron microscope.
The W + and W - are "exchange particles" for
the electroweak force.
According to the second law of thermodynamics,
the entropy of all the participants in any physical process cannot decrease
According to the second law of thermodynamics,
the entropy of all the participants in any physical process cannot decrease.
The basic difference between the special and general theories of relativity is that
the first deals with nonaccelerated observers and the second deals with accelerated observers.
The sun's energy comes from
the fusion of hydrogen into helium
In Einstein's special theory of relativity, there is one basic principle [or assumption, or law] that seems very odd to our intuitions, and that is responsible for the odd nature of Einstein's conclusions. This basic principle is
the idea that light has the same speed for all nonaccelerated observers.
In Einstein's special theory of relativity, there is one basic principle [or assumption, or law] that seems very odd to our intuitions, and that is responsible for the odd nature of Einstein's conclusions. This basic principle is
the idea that light has the same speed for all nonaccelerated observers.
In the double-slit experiment with light,
the impact point of each photon cannot be predicted, but the overall pattern can be predicted
The figure represents a multiple-flash photo of two balls moving to the right, and shows both balls at several numbered times. In the figure,
the lower ball, which has a larger speed, passes the upper ball.
The cosmic microwave background is
the now-cooled radiation that was released by the big bang.
Nuclear energies are much larger than chemical energies because
the nuclear force is so much stronger than the electromagnetic force
Evidence for the big bang comes from
the observation that the galaxies are all receding from each other.
One piece of evidence supporting the theory of cosmic inflation is
the observed fact that the geometry of the universe is "flat.".
The "law of heat engines" is one form of
the second law of thermodynamics.
The "law of heat flow" is one form of
the second law of thermodynamics.
The principle stating that the work output of a heat engine must be less than its total energy input is called
the second law of thermodynamics.
In the theory of cosmic inflation, what is it that experiences a large rapid increase?
the size of the universe
One piece of evidence that Democritus found for his idea that everything is made of atoms wa
the smell of bread and of other substances.
Quantum field theory arises out of the combination of
the special theory of relativity and quantum theory.
Galaxies seem to be made mostly of dark matter. One type of evidence for this comes from observations of
the speeds at which gas clouds orbit the centers of galaxies.
The fission reaction involves
the splitting of a heavy nucleus.
why are nuclear reactions more powerful than chemical reactions
the strong force is stronger than the electric force
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is
the time required for the decay of half of a large sample of nuclei of that isotope
One phenomenon that supports the quantum theory of radiation is
the tiny flashes when a light beam strikes a screen.
Suppose you are on the moon and you drop a rock and a feather at the same time. You will find that
the two fall at the same speed, but this speed is slower than a rock would fall on Earth.
When a transparency sheet is rubbed with a tissue and the transparency and tissue are then held at rest a short distance apart,
the two objects exert electric forces on each other, because electrons are rubbed off of one and onto the other
The spectrum of the hydrogen atom differs from the spectrum of the helium atom due to
their different energy levels. B. the different frequencies of their emitted photons. BOTH OF THEM
Jack rides a bicycle northward at 12 mph. Jill rides southward on the same road at 12 mph. As they pass each other
their speeds are identical but their velocities are different.
When you touch a warm pot on the stove,
thermal energy flows from the pot to your hand
When you touch a piece of ice,
thermal energy flows from your hand to the ice.
According to the second law of thermodynamics
thermal energy flows spontaneously from high temperatures to low temperatures.
In the fusion of low-mass nuclei to make heavier nuclei
thermal energy is produced. nuclear energy is converted to other forms. the final nucleus has a smaller rest-mass than the total rest-mass of the original nuclei. ALL
If a proton and an electron are placed a short distance apart,
they will be attracted to each other.
Very early in his thinking about relativity, Einstein asked himself what a person would observe if he or she kept up with a lightbeam. In answer to this question, the theory of relativity states that
this is not a valid question because a person cannot move as fast as a lightbeam.
A primary reason for you to learn science, according to the textbook's opening section, is
to increase your awareness.
Our primary reason for studying the theories of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler in this course is
to learn about the methods and the validity of science
Light waves are
traveling disturbances in an electromagnetic field.
The "energy efficiency" of a device is
ts useful energy output divided by the total energy put into the device
Compared to the gravitational force on a 1 kg object, the gravitational force on a 2 kg object is
twice as large.
In quantum theory, "entanglement" refers to
two particles sharing a single quantum field (EM field or matter field) with each other.
The entanglement experiment described in the textbook demonstrates that
two separated particles can exhibit instantaneous non-local connections, as predicted by quantum theory
Which of the following waves has the highest frequency?
ultraviolet
If the distance between two charged objects and the charge on each of them are all doubled, the electric force by either one on the other is
unchanged
Small ripples on the surface of a pond are
v
During this century, we have found that Newton's physics does not apply to
very small objects. high speed objects. very strong gravitational forces. ALL OF THEM
The surprising feature of the double-slit experiment with electrons is
when both slits are open, the impact pattern on the viewing screen is an interference pattern.
Which of the following is not a wave?
water flowing down a river
The power of American automobiles is usually rated in "horsepower." What other units could be used?
watts
Two different continuous water waves on the surface of a pond would be expected to have roughly the same
wave speeds
Space and time
were created by the big bang
An auto moves at a steady 50 mph down a straight level road. The net force on the auto is
zero
You hold a 2 newton apple, having a mass of 0.2 kg, at rest in your hand. The net force on the apple is then
zero
