ICA's 1-16

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Which of the following machines has more power?

A jack that can lift the same car the same distance in 30 seconds

What is a photon?

A particle of light.

Which has the more predictable behavior, an electron or a proton, and why?

A proton, because of its larger mass.

What, if any, evidence did Galileo have for the law of inertia?

A smooth ball slows down when rolling uphill, and speeds up when rolling downhill, so it should maintain an unchanging speed on a level surface.

Which of the following is more energy efficient?

A truck that uses 25% of its chemical energy to drive, while the rest of its energy heats itself and its surroundings

If we describe the double-slit experiment entirely in terms of electrons instead of in terms of fields, then which of the following is the best description of what one individual electron does in this experiment

) It goes through both slits.

You lift a book slowly from the floor to the table. You then lift an identical book rapidly from the floor to the table. Compared with the slow process, in the faster process your

) power output is greater.

In the double-slit experiment, the entire matter field or EM field instantaneously collapses to the single interaction point when the field interacts with the screen. This is an example of

) quantum tunneling.

Suppose you charge two transparencies by rubbing and then hold them near each other but not touching. Regarding the electric and magnetic forces they exert on each other

) they will exert electric forces but not magnetic forces

According to the nonlocality principle,

) two particles can respond to each other instantaneously, no matter how far apart they are.

The book shows a photograph of a human face, taken at shorter and shorter camera exposure times. What is observed at the shortest exposure times, and what does this observation demonstrate about the nature of light

Individual white dots were distributed randomly over the photographic plate, showing that light interacts with the screen in tiny bundles

Suppose I measure an electron's position extremely precisely. How precisely, then, can I know its velocity?

Only vaguely

If radioactive material were cut in to pieces, what would the half-life of each piece be

SAME

What is nuclear fission?

Splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones

In what kind of path would the planets move if no force acted on them?

Straight line with no acceleration.

Consider an apple in freefall. The Earth and the apple are pulling on one another through the force of gravity. Which pulls with greater force? Choose one:

The Earth and the apple pull each other with equal and opposite force.

According to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, what is gravity

The curvature of spacetime

If you drop a flat piece of paper and a wadded up piece of paper at the same time, the wadded up piece will hit the ground sooner. Why?

The flat piece feels more air resistance.

How is the gravitational force between two objects affected by changes in the masses of the objects and by changes in the distance between the two objects?

The force increases with increased mass, and decreases with increased distance

Suppose you viewed a movie that was running backwards. You would see lots of odd things happening: streams would flow uphill, and so forth. If these odd "backward-moving" things actually happened in nature, which principle or principles of physics would be violated?

The second law of thermodynamics

In quantum theory, what happens if an electron's wave packet is squeezed into a smaller region of space?

You decrease the electron's uncertainty in position while increasing its uncertainty in velocity.

Suppose you are on a spaceship flying toward Earth at half lightspeed (0.5 c). If you have a video chat with your friend on Earth, what will they perceive about your rate of speech?

Your friend will appear to speak more slowly than normal.

Suppose you are on a spaceship flying toward Earth at half lightspeed (0.5 c). If you have a video chat with your friend on Earth, what will you perceive about their rate of speech?

Your friend will appear to speak more slowly than normal.

An auto moves at a steady 50 mph down a straight level road. The net force on the auto is

Zero

The term "dirty bomb" refers to

a bomb that uses conventional explosive to disperse radioactive materials.

Which of these is not accelerating?

a car while it is moving at unchanging speed up a straight [or steady] incline

While a rock is falling straight down it has

a constant [or unchanging] acceleration

Two brief waves or "pulses" are sent down a rope, in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. Pulse A is 1 cm in height, and pulse B is 2 cm in depth. When they meet, they will create

a disturbance 1 cm deep.

According to quantum field theory, the essential reality is

a few fields

The forces that hold the nucleus together

act over only very short distances. are much stronger than electromagnetic forces. are attractive, that is, they pull in the inward direction. ALL

If you rub a transparency sheet with tissue and then hold the transparency sheet and the tissue at rest a short distance apart, they will then exert

an attractive electric force on each other, but no magnetic force.

According to the principle of relativity, an observer who has no communication with the world outside of her laboratory will be unable to detect

her laboratory's velocity.

Higher energy photons have

higher frequency

You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock will come down

in your hand

The Greeks abandoned their earliest cosmological theory (planets moving in simple circles around Earth) because

it did not agree with their observations of the planets.

A defining feature of "pseudoscience" is

it does not use proper scientific methodology

While a stone is falling [neglecting air resistance],

it is accelerated. the direction of its velocity is downward. its speed is changing. ALL

Regarding the validity of the law of conservation of energy

it is valid in every known situation--including those situations in which Newtonian physics is not valid

Earth's "greenhouse effect" problem is important because

it might warm up our entire planet.

The ozone layer is our friend because

it protects us from damaging ultraviolet radiation.

What keeps Earth moving

its inertia

what does it mean for an isotope to be radioactive

its nucleus spontaneously decays, releasing energy

One unusual aspect of dark energy is

its pushes outward on everything in the universe instead of pulling inward as gravity ordinarily does. B) it's made of a material that has not yet been observed in our laboratories. BOTH

If a microscopic particle's uncertainty in velocity is reduced,

its uncertainty in position must increase enough to satisfy the uncertainty principle.

The amount of energy consumed in one day in your home town could be measured in units of

joules

You throw a baseball horizontally, and Jill catches it. Neglect air resistance. The energy transformation that occurs during the catch is

kinetic E thermal E.

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a wind-generated power plant?

kinetic thermal electric

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a wind-generated power plant?

kinetic ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric

The type of energy that a swinging pendulum has at the low point of its swing is

kinetic.

Which of the following is a true "wave," as physicists define the term?

light

In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have

lower frequency.

In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have

lower frequency.

In quantum theory, a "wave packet"

represents one particle having a range of possible positions and a range of possible velocities.

In Ptolemy's theory

the planets move in circles-within-circles ["loop-the -loops"] around Earth

You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock comes down in your hand. This example illustrate

the principle of relativity

You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock comes down in your hand. This example illustrates

the principle of relativity.

Regarding the charges of the electron, proton and neutron

the proton has a positive charge, the electron has a negative charge whose strength is equal to the strength of the proton's charge, and the neutron has no charge.

The "drive force" that pushes a car forward is

the push of the road against the drive tires.

At the Three Mile Island reactor

the reactor melted down but this was accompanied by only a small release of radiation and no immediate deaths

Which of the following is a "non-renewable" resource

wood photovoltaic electricity active solar heating hydroelectric None OF THE ABOVE

Suppose that a certain atom has just the 4 different energy levels shown in the figure above. Which quantum jump produces radiation with the shortest wavelength?

from state 4 to state 1

Which particle plays the key role in sustaining a fission reaction?

neutron

One joule is the same as one

newton-meter

What is dark matter

An unseen source of gravity

Suppose that a certain saber-toothed-tiger contained one gram of 14C [half-life 6000 years] when it died. The approximate 14C content of the remains of this tiger 24,000 years later would be

1/16 gram.

Regarding the Earth and the apple in freefall, which accelerates more? Choose one:

Apple

Carbon-14's half-life is 5700 years. After 11400 years how much Carbon-14 would remain in a fossil

25%

Suppose you are on a spaceship flying toward Earth at half lightspeed (0.5 c). If you shine a laser beam toward Earth, at what speed will the light strike the planet's surface?

. Lightspeed (c)

In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have

. lower frequency

Historically, the earliest atomic model to explain electrical phenomena was

. the planetary model.

Consider an escalator moving upward at 2 mph. Suppose you are walking downward at 2 mph with respect to the escalator. What is your velocity with respect to the ground?

0 mph

The graph above shows the decay curve for a certain radioactive substance. The half-life of this substance is approximately

1.5 day s

If you run a 3000-watt hair dryer for 30 minutes, how much electric energy do you consume?

1.5 kW ∙ h

A blow dryer with a resistance of 6 ohms is plugged into a 60-volt battery. How much current does it draw?

10 amps

What is the work output of a heat engine whose thermal energy input is 400 J and whose exhaust is 300

100 J

Suppose you have a sample containing 400 nuclei of a radioisotope. If only 25 nuclei remain after one hour, what is the half-life of the isotope

15 minutes

Elizabeth lifts a 10 N book from the floor to the table, a height of 2 m. How much work does Elizabeth do?

20 joules

Suppose you slowly, and at constant speed, lift a book weighing 12 N from the floor to a shelf 2 m above the floor. Neglect air resistance. The work done by you on the book is

24 joules

A bone is dug up and analyzed and found to contain 1/16--one sixteenth--of the amount of 14C radioactivity of normal bones in living bodies. The half-life of 14C is 6000 years. Roughly how long has the individual been dead?

24, 000 years

14C has a half-life of 6000 years. An ancient corpse is uncovered and found to have 1/32--one thirty-second--of the normal amount of 14C found in the bodies of people now living. How long has the body been dead?

30,000 years

You ride a motor scooter 8 km in 15 minutes. Your [average] speed is

32 KM/HR

Consider an escalator moving upward at 2 mph. Suppose you are walking upward at 2 mph with respect to the escalator. What is your velocity with respect to the ground?

4 mph upward

Uranium-238 decays with a half life of 4.5 billion years. suppose a rock is found in which half of the uranium-238 has decayed. How old is the rock

4.5 billion years

How many half-lives have passed if 255 g of Co-60 remain from a sample of 8160 g

5 half-lives

You push your 2 kg physics book along a tabletop, pushing it with 10 newtons of force. If the book is greased so that friction is negligible, the book's acceleration is

5 m/s2

A certain type of atom has only four energy levels, as shown in the figure above. The total number of spectral lines produced by this element is

6

Suppose that a certain atom had just 4 different energy levels. How many different frequencies could be emitted by this atom?

6

The figure represents a multiple-flash photo of two balls moving to the right, and shows both balls at several numbered times. The time between flashes is 0.20 s, and the large divisions on the measuring rod are centimeters. The speed of the lower ball is

6 cm/s

What should be the resistance of a light bulb in order for it to draw a 2 amp current when plugged into a 120-volt outlet?

60 ohms

How much work do you do when you lift a 3 N apple by 2 m during a time of 6 s?

6J

Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope used in cancer treatment. Co-60 has a half-life of 5 years. If a hospital starts with a 1000 mg supply, how many mg will need to be purchased after 10 years to replenish the original supply

750 mg

Suppose that the electric force between two objects is 2 N and that you then halve the distance between the objects. The new force is

8 N

Which of the following describes an object that is accelerated?

A car rounding a curve at a steady 80 km/hr A car slowing down while moving along a straight line BOTH

Which of the following does not travel at light speed?

Actually all of these travel at light speed.

Why can we never create matter?

Actually, we do create matter frequently in the lab.

Which of the following observations lend support to the big bang theory?

All of the above

According the quantum model of the atom, which of the following best describes an electron in an atom

An electron is a cloud (wave) that surrounds the nucleus

Which of the following best describes the nature of an electron?

An electron is both a particle and a wave

According to the Big Bang Theory, how did the Universe begin?

As an explosion of spacetime and energy

What originally caused the sun to heat up?

As the sun's gases gathered together by their own gravity, they accelerated inward and collided.

The two figures below show arrangements of atoms. Which arrangement has the higher entropy

B the one with less dots

Which statement best describes the status of the Copernican and Ptolemaic theories of the solar system shortly after Copernicus invented his theory [about 1550, and before Tycho]?

Both theories agreed with the experimental facts.

What process is the source of elements Hydrogen, Helium & a tiny bit of Lithium & Beryllium

BIG BANG

Evidence that things are made of atoms comes from

Brownian motion from the observation that, when chemicals combine to form new chemicals, they do so in simple ratios by weight. B. the observation that we can smell things such as bread from a distance. ALL OF THEM

Evidence that things are made of atoms comes from

Brownian motion.

How do we know the Sun contains hydrogen?

By observing hydrogen spectral lines in the Sun's spectrum.

Velma is in a rocket ship moving north past Mort at half of lightspeed relative to Mort. She fires a laser beam forward from the front of her ship. Mort sees the laser beam move at

C

Which of the following is a unit of energy?

Calorie

What is nuclear fusion?

Combining small nuclei into larger ones

What process is the source of elements Helium through Iron?

Core of stars

The types of current carried by the headlights of an automobile, and by a plug-in toaster in your kitchen, are

DC and AC, respectively.

What is the most abundant form of energy in the Universe?

Dark energy

In what way is electric charge related to photons?

Electrically-charged particles interact by exchanging photons.

Which method of fueling your car is likely to be more energy efficient, and why: gasoline used in a standard car engine or electricity taken from a coal-fueled generating plant and stored in lightweight car batteries? Assume that the batteries convert electricity to work at 100% efficiency, and that electricity is transported from the power plant to the car at 100% efficiency

Electricity from a coal-fired generating plant, because such a plant runs at higher energy-efficiency than does a car engine.

includes electricity, magnetism and light

Electromagnetism

Mary pushes horizontally on a large, heavy table, which is standing alone in the middle of a room, and notes that the table does not move despite the fact that she is pushing on it (see the figure). Why doesn't the table move?

Frictional forces by the floor on the table legs acted in the opposite direction to produce a net force of zero.

When the inside of a refrigerator is cooled, does thermal energy flow from hot to cold, or is it from cold to hot? Does this happen spontaneously, or is outside assistance required?

From cold to hot. Since this is against the normal flow of thermal energy, outside assistance is required

How do we know whether or not global warming is caused by humans?

From computer calculations that "predict" 20th-century temperatures based on natural variations, then on human-caused variations, and then on a mix of natural and human variations; the actual historical measurements then show that only natural variations are important.

How do we know what Earth's temperature was many years before thermometers existed?

From such indirect methods as tree rings (the thickness and density of a ring is dependent on the temperature at the time of growth) and annual layers of ice in ice cores.

All of the these are combined into quantum field theory EXCEPT

General relativity

The star Betelgeuse is near the end of its life, and is likely to explode as a supernova. What will cause this explosion?

Gravitational collapse of the star's core

What happens as a book falls toward the ground?

Gravitational energy is converted to kinetic energy.

What form or forms of energy does a falling elastic ball have just before it is dropped from some height above the floor [see figure above]

Gravitational only

Does Earth's gravity pull more strongly on a block of wood or on a block or iron having the same size? Neglecting air resistance, which one falls faster when dropped

Gravity pulls more strongly on the iron, and both fall at the same speed

Which of the following works best for fusing hydrogen?

Heat it up to such a high temperature that collisions cause the nuclei to fuse

Which of the following is NOT a correct way of stating the Law of Conservation of Energy

Humans should consume as little energy as possible

Under what condition can a force act on an object and yet do no work on that object?

If the object does not move.

Your body temperature is about 98.6°F. Suppose you jump into a body of water with temperature 50°F. Which way does thermal energy flow

It flows from your body to the water

If we describe the double-slit experiment entirely in terms of electrons instead of in terms of fields, then which of the following is the best description of what one individual electron does in this experiment

It goes through both slits.

Suppose an electron in an atom drops from energy level 3 to energy level 2. What happens to the lost energy?

It is emitted as a photon

Two single wave pulses are sent along a rope. Both have the same height, but one is upward and the other is downward. As they are passing through each other, they will momentarily cancel each other out. What becomes of their energy as they are passing through each other

It is still there in the form of kinetic energy of the rope

What is one "kilowatt-hour" [kW ∙ h]?

It is the energy output of one kilowatt operating for one hour

How strongly, and in what direction, does a 1-newton apple pull on Earth?

It pulls upward, with a force of 1 newton.

What happens to an electron's wave packet if an accurate velocity measurement is performed

It suddenly changes to a new wave packet having a very small uncertainty in velocity, but a large uncertainty in position

Suppose you throw a rock. After it hits the ground and comes to a stop, what has happened to the energy you gave it?

It was converted to thermal energy.

If you drop a rock off a cliff, what will happen as it falls

It will speed up

Would it be easier [i.e., would it require less rocket fuel] to lift a rocket off the moon's surface or off Earth's surface, and why

It would be easier on the moon, because the rocket's weight would be less on the moon than it is on Earth.

If a helium-filled balloon is released on Earth, it rises. How would a helium-filled balloon move if it were released a few feet above the surface of the moon?

It would fall at the same rate a rock falls when dropped on the moon

Which of the following energy transformations represents the operation of a wind turbine [a device that uses the wind as an energy resource]?

Kin E ⇒ Electric E

Which of the following best describes the nature of light

Light is both a particle and a wave

What does the equation E=mc2 mean?

Mass is a form of energy

Which of the following has the effect of reducing the gravitational force between two objects?

Moving the two objects farther apart.

Suppose I perform a double-slit experiment on a single electron. Is it possible to predict where the electron will land?

NO

Suppose a rock and a feather are dropped from the same height in a vacuum (no air resistance). Which will hit the ground first?

Neither. They will hit the ground at the same time

is the study of motion in everyday objects

Newtonian mechanics

Is a fuel-cell vehicle properly described as a "heat engine"?

No, because it converts chemical energy directly to electric energy.

Is it possible to prove, for certain, that a scientific theory is true?

No, because it is always possible that a future experiment will disagree with the theory.

A certain meteoroid [a rock in space] has been moving through our solar system ever since the solar system was formed, 5 billion years ago. Suppose the meteoroid is far from all planets and stars, so that the effect of gravity is negligible. Neglecting gravity, is any physical work being done on the meteoroid?

No, because no forces are exerted on the meteoroid.

The Theory of Evolution says that species evolve with time. The species of today are much more complex than the species of 3 billion years ago. Does the Theory of Evolution violate the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics?

No, because organisms dump their entropy into the environment.

Does a nuclear power plant have a "smoke" stack, and why?

No, because the plant does not combust its fuel.

A physics professor pushes against a stationary wall, "working" up a sweat. Is he doing any actual physical work on the wall?

No, because the wall is not moving.

According to the theory of relativity, is everything relative

No, lightspeed is not relative

Is everything in the universe expanding?

No, the Milky Way galaxy is not expanding

In the general theory of relativity, we assume the observer to be

None of the above

According to current theories, how did the sun's planets get here

Part of the gas and dust that gathered together to form the sun went into orbit around the sun instead of falling into the sun, and this part formed the planets.

A particle of light is called a

Photon

According to Newton's Theory of Gravity, the moon and the planet are pulling on one another gravitationally. The gravitational force between them depends on which of the following?

Pluto and Charon's mass B. Pluto and Charon's velocity C. The distance between them ANSWER: A and C

includes the wave-particle duality

Quantum mechanics

What happens when a soccer player kicks a ball?

She transfers some chemical energy in her body to kinetic energy in the ball

is the study of motion neat light speed

Special relativity

Suppose we could magically double the mass of the moon, double the mass of Earth, and double the distance between Earth and the moon, all at the same time. How would this affect the force that the moon exerts on Earth

The force would be unchanged.

What is not predictable in the double-slit experiment with electrons?

The individual impact point of each electron on the screen.

Which of the following is a feature of quantum physics but not a feature of Newtonian physics

The observation process must be included as part of the theory.

In the electron double-slit experiment with electrons, what happens when a detector is used to determine through which slit the electron actually passes?

The pattern on the screen suddenly becomes a non-interference pattern.

Einstein's Relativity seems to say that, if Mort and Velma are twins and Velma goes on a trip and then returns, Velma will then be younger than Mort and Mort will be younger than Velma. What is wrong with this reasoning?

The prediction about Velma's observation is not correct, because Velma is accelerated.

Which scientific theory or theories of the atom agrees with all of the atomic experiments performed to date?

The quantum theory of the atom.

Which of the following is NOT a way of stating the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

The total entropy of an organism increases with time.

Object A has an electric charge that is 10 times larger than the charge on object B. When placed near each other, how does the force by A on B compare with the force by B on A?

They are equal

Object A has an electric charge that is 10 times larger than the charge on object B. When placed near each other, how does the force by A on B compare with the force by B on A?

They are equal.

Suppose you released a single proton from rest at some point X in an electric field, and that you then released a single electron from rest at the same point X. How would the motions of the proton and electron compare, just after their release from rest

They would move in opposite directions, and the electron would move fastest.

) In the "special theory of relativity," what does the word "special" refer to?

This theory is restricted to the observations of non-accelerated observers

In the "special theory of relativity," what does the word "special" refer to?

This theory is restricted to the observations of non-accelerated observers.

One way of stating the principle of relativity is:

Unless you look outside, you cannot tell how fast you are going

Most quarks end up being

Up and down quarks

Mort is on Earth, and Velma passes him at a high speed. Mort and Velma each carry a standard kilogram. Concerning the kilograms, Velma observes that

Velma's has a mass of 1 kilogram, but Mort's is more massive than 1 kilogram.

What is dark energy

Whatever is causing the Universe's expansion to accelerate

Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a larger wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies

Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.

Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a longer wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies

Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.

Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a larger wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies,

Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.

Suppose I perform a double-slit experiment on 1 million electrons. Is it possible to predict the pattern they will make then they land?

YES

Velma bicycles northward at an unchanging speed of 4 m/s, and Mort jogs southward at an unchanging speed of 4 m/s. Are Velma and Mort in relative motion?

Yes, because they have different velocities

Is it possible to prove, for certain, that a scientific theory is false?

Yes, by means of a single confirmed experiment that contradicts the theory

The figure shows the moon orbiting around Earth. Suppose that the direction of the moon's motion is counter-clockwise. Is any net force exerted on the moon?

Yes, in the direction of arrow C

Can anything go faster than light?

Yes, space can expand at faster then lightspeed

Is it possible to send waves to the moon from Earth?

Yes, we could send an electromagnetic wave

Is it possible to send waves to the moon from Earth

Yes, we could send an electromagnetic wave.

Which of these uses thermal energy to do work?

a hot air balloon

In one popular type of fusion reaction, 2H fuses with 3H to yield 4He and

a neutron.

Radioactive decay occurs when

a nucleus emits a particle spontaneously

A photon is

a particle-like quantum of radiation.

Chemical energy is transformed into gravitational energy when

a person walks uphill.

In pair creation, an electron-positron pair is created from

a photon

A neutral atom loses one of its electrons. It is then

a positive ion`

If two electrons are at rest a short distance apart, they will feel

a repulsive electric force, but no magnetic force

If two transparency sheets are rubbed with tissue and the transparency sheets are then held at rest a short distance from each other, the force between them will be

a repulsive electric force.

Suppose we subject a golf ball and a more massive lead ball to identical net forces. Then, compared to the golf ball, the lead ball must have

a smaller acceleration.

A "wave" could best be defined as

a transfer of a disturbance from one point to another without any corresponding transfer of matter

The idea that everything is made of small particles is

a useful theory, but not known for certain.

The accident at Three Mile Island began when

a water pump failed.

Edgar Jones, angry at having purchased a tasteless pizza, drops his pizza off the Brooklyn bridge. As it falls, Edgar's pizza has a constant [or unchanging]

acceleration

The main point of Newton's law of motion is that forces cause

acceleration.

Galileo's principle of falling is limited by the condition that

air resistance must be negligible.

In an electrical circuit, the number of "amperes" measures the

amount of electric current flowing around the circuit

In an electrical circuit, the number of "amperes" measures the

amount of electric current flowing around the circuit.

An atom of "anti-hydrogen" would be made of

an anti-proton and a positron.

An "ion" is

an atom with an excess or deficiency of electrons.

A proton is maintained at rest in the middle of a box that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Assuming that the box is isolated from all external influences, which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X inside the box?

an electric field

A proton is maintained at rest in the middle of a box that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Assuming that the box is isolated from all external influences, which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X inside the box?

an electric field

A proton moves through a small box that is isolated from all external influences and that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X [away from the proton] inside the box?

an electric field a magnetic field BOTH

During the double-slit experiment with light, the region between the slits and the screen contains

an electromagnetic field.

When an atom emits radiation

an electron makes a quantum jump from one quantum state to another

The distinction between an "element" and an "isotope" is

an element has a specific number of protons; an isotope has a specific number of both protons and neutrons

Since 1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts, and 1 hour equals 3600 seconds, it follows that the kilowatt-hour is

an energy of 3.6 million joules

While a rock is falling straight down it has

an increasing velocity.

Dark matter is made of

an unknown material that has never been directly observed in laboratories.

According to the philosophy of Democritus

atoms are real.

Einstein's principle of the constancy of lightspeed and principle of relativity are

assumptions which cannot be proven. the hbasic principles of his theory of relativity BOTH

Reasoning from the fact that it is difficult to pull a nucleus apart, we can conclude that the nuclear force must

be attractive and very strong

Why can we never create energy?

because energy is always conserved

The combustion product that is created in the largest amounts by a coal-burning generating plant is

carbon dioxide, which goes up the plant's stack and into the atmosphere.

All magnetic forces are produced by

charges in motion

The energy conversion represented by an automobile speeding up along a level road is

chemical to kinetic

Elizabeth lifts a book from the floor to the table. The energy transformation is

chemical ⇒ gravitational.

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a coal-fired power plant

chemical ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a coal-fired power plant?

chemical ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric

In the final phases of its "life", our sun will

collapse to become a white dwarf.

For light waves, different frequencies mean different

colors.

The universe is made mostly of

dark energy

When an atom emits a photon, the atom's mass

decreases slightly.

Physicists use bubble chambers primarily for the purpose of

detecting sub-atomic particles.

In order to quadruple an object's kinetic energy, we must

double its speed.

According to the uncertainty principle, a particle such as an electron

does not have a precise position or a precise velocity.

Which of the following is an example of chemical energy?

e energy stored in firewood that has been gathered for burning the energy stored in your body, that enables you to do work BOTH

Earth's magnetism arises from

electric currents in Earth's interior

What form of energy do electrons have when they're at rest on the negative terminal of an isolated (not connected to an electrical circuit) batters?

electrical

Which of the following is considered by scientists to be physically "real," but yet is not made of atoms or of other material particles such as protons, electrons, etc

electromagnetic fields

Which of the following has the longest wavelength, assuming that they all have the same speed?

electron

The magnetic forces exerted by a permanent magnet are due to

electrons moving in atoms

At the microscopic level, electric currents in wires are due to

electrons traveling along the wire

Which of the following is transported by all traveling waves?

energy

A block of wood slides to a stop along a tabletop. In this process,

energy remains unchanged but energy quality is lost

A block of wood slides to a stop along a tabletop. In this process

energy remains unchanged but energy quality is lost.

How often, on average, does a fossil fuel pipe leak, burst or explode in the United States?

every 2 weeks

To what two quantities is work proportional?

force and distance

Which of the following is not one of the four fundamental forces in nature

frictional force

is the study of gravity

general relativity

Which of these problems arise partly from coal-fired power plants but not from nuclear power plants?

global warming acid rain Both of the above.

the exchange particles for the strong force are

gluons

Galaxies seem to be made mostly of dark matter. One type of evidence for this comes from observations of the

gravitational bending of light from distant galaxies as it passes other galaxies on its way to Earth.

Galaxies seem to be made mostly of dark matter. One type of evidence for this comes from observations of the

gravitational bending of light from distant galaxies as it passes other galaxies on its way to Earth.

The type of energy that a swinging pendulum has at the high point of its swing is

gravitational.

The strong force is to gluons as the gravitational force is to

gravitons.

According to the principle of equivalence, acceleration is equivalent to

gravity

Two electromagnetic have different frequencies but equal amplitudes. The one with higher frequency has the

greater energy

The figure above shows a marble rolling freely back and forth along a curved track. The track is positioned vertically. At position A its gravitational energy is

greater than its gravitational energy at B

According to quantum theory, a macroscopic object such as a baseball

has a very long wavelength

Dark energy

has mass. has never been directly observed in the laboratory. pushes on space. ALL

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, electrons are more unpredictable than protons. This is because electrons

have a smaller mass

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, electrons are more unpredictable than protons. This is because electrons

have a smaller mass.

Which of the following is a "renewable" resource?

hydro-electric

In the figure, the moon is moving clockwise in a circular orbit around Earth. Imagine that gravity was suddenly shut off, throughout the solar system, at the instant when the moon is in the position shown in the figure. How would the moon move, after gravity was shut off

in the direction of arrow b in a straight line

Suppose Earth collapsed down to one-tenth of its present radius, while retaining all of its present mass. Compared to your present weight, your weight would then be

increased by a factor of 100.

It's impossible to make elements heavier than ???? through nuclear fusion without putting in more energy

iron

A 1 newton apple hangs from a tree branch. The force by the apple on Earth

is 1 newton upward.

When we say that an electromagnetic field is "quantized," we mean that it

is allowed to have only certain particular values of total energy.

One phenomenon that supports the wave theory of radiation is

interference effects with light.

According to the planetary model, an atom is

made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

The amount of dark matter in the universe is

many times more than the amount of visible matter.

The big bang created

matter and energy. space and time.

One philosophical difference between Newtonian and quantum physics is

nature is predictable according to Newtonian physics, but nature is unpredictable according to quantum theory.

An anti-proton would have

negative charge and positive mass.

Although electrons do not normally have precise positions, you can cause an electron to have a (fairly) precise position by

measuring its position.

Although electrons do not normally have precise velocities, you can cause an electron to have a (fairly) precise velocity by

measuring its velocity

As a particle's uncertainty in position gets smaller, its uncertainty in velocity

must increase enough to satisfy the uncertainty principle

A 10 kg meteor moves through outer space, far from all gravitational influences. How much work

none

One situation in which the law of conservation of energy is violated is

nonsense--no violations of this law have ever been observed

Velma is in a train moving north at 20 m/s. She throws a stone toward the rear of the train, at 5 m/s relative to herself. Mort, standing beside the tracks, sees the stone move

north at 15 m/s.

In a self-sustaining fusion reaction, such as occurs in the sun,

nuclear energy is converted to other forms of energy.

In a fission reaction, such as occurs in a nuclear power plant

nuclear energy is converted to thermal energy and other forms of energy

The A-bomb is based on

nuclear fission

Most of the following energy resources provide useful energy in the United States today. Which one does not

nuclear fusion

What causes the Sun to shine

nuclear fusion

The source of the sun's energy is

nuclear fusion.

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a nuclear power plant

nuclear thermal electric

A book is given a brief shove along a table top and released so that it slides a short distance and comes to rest. Galileo would say that the book stopped because

of friction

A stone is lifted and released so that it falls to the ground. According to Galileo, it fell because

of gravity

Which one has more weight?

one kilogram of cotton and stone they are the same

When you pull an object, such as a table, across the floor, the forward force by you on the table is equal but opposite to the backward force by the table on you. It seems as though these two forces should balance out, so that the table can't be moved. But the table does move, because

only one of these two forces actually acts on the table.

The electron microscope is based on the principle that

particles of matter have certain wave like properties.

Which of the following are quanta of the electromagnetic field?

photons

Historically, the earliest atomic model to explain electrical phenomena was

the planetary model.

The kilowatt is a measure of

power

A key component of one type of spectroscope for visible radiation is the

prism for separating the radiation beam

Regarding the relation between acceleration, force, and mass, an object's acceleration is

proportional to the force on it and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

Referring to the figure above, the photons of lowest energy are produced by

quantum jumps from state 4 to 3.

What are protons and neutrons made of?

quarks

When water evaporates from the ocean and rises into the atmosphere, the energy transformation is

radiant energy =>gravitational energy

Nuclear fusion creates

radiant energy. thermal energy.

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a solar-heated power plant

radiant thermal electric

Which of the following best represents the energy transformations occurring in a solar-heated power plant?

radiant ⇒ thermal ⇒ electric

Velma zooms past Mort at half of lightspeed. Mort observes Velma's clock. He observes that her clock runs

slow

Velma zooms past Mort at half of lightspeed. Velma observes Mort's clock to run

slow

A "force" could be best described as

something one body does to another body that can cause the second body to accelerate.

Jet planes operate by

sucking in air, heating it , and allowing it to expand out the back end of the engine.

The astronomical phenomenon that created the elements heavier than iron is

supernova explosions.

A battery's "voltage" is

the amount of energy it gives to each coulomb of electrical charge

The positron is

the anti-particle to the electron.

Ernest Rutherford's experiments in which alpha rays pass through a thin piece of metal foil demonstrated that

the atom contains a tiny nucleus containing most of the atom's mass. neutrons exist.

In Ptolemy's theory, retrograde planetary motion is explained as

the backward part of the planet's loop-the-loop orbits around Earth.

According to Einstein, gravity is

the bending of space that is caused by masses.

Energy" could best be defined as

the capacity to do work.

The evidence favors a universe whose overall geometry is flat. That evidence comes from observations of

the cosmic background radiation

One phenomenon or experiment that supports the wave theory of matter is

the double-slit experiment with electrons

The fundamental force responsible for the chemical properties of atoms is

the electromagnetic force. friction.

One practical application of matter waves is

the electron microscope.

The W + and W - are "exchange particles" for

the electroweak force.

According to the second law of thermodynamics,

the entropy of all the participants in any physical process cannot decrease

According to the second law of thermodynamics,

the entropy of all the participants in any physical process cannot decrease.

The basic difference between the special and general theories of relativity is that

the first deals with nonaccelerated observers and the second deals with accelerated observers.

The sun's energy comes from

the fusion of hydrogen into helium

In Einstein's special theory of relativity, there is one basic principle [or assumption, or law] that seems very odd to our intuitions, and that is responsible for the odd nature of Einstein's conclusions. This basic principle is

the idea that light has the same speed for all nonaccelerated observers.

In Einstein's special theory of relativity, there is one basic principle [or assumption, or law] that seems very odd to our intuitions, and that is responsible for the odd nature of Einstein's conclusions. This basic principle is

the idea that light has the same speed for all nonaccelerated observers.

In the double-slit experiment with light,

the impact point of each photon cannot be predicted, but the overall pattern can be predicted

The figure represents a multiple-flash photo of two balls moving to the right, and shows both balls at several numbered times. In the figure,

the lower ball, which has a larger speed, passes the upper ball.

The cosmic microwave background is

the now-cooled radiation that was released by the big bang.

Nuclear energies are much larger than chemical energies because

the nuclear force is so much stronger than the electromagnetic force

Evidence for the big bang comes from

the observation that the galaxies are all receding from each other.

One piece of evidence supporting the theory of cosmic inflation is

the observed fact that the geometry of the universe is "flat.".

The "law of heat engines" is one form of

the second law of thermodynamics.

The "law of heat flow" is one form of

the second law of thermodynamics.

The principle stating that the work output of a heat engine must be less than its total energy input is called

the second law of thermodynamics.

In the theory of cosmic inflation, what is it that experiences a large rapid increase?

the size of the universe

One piece of evidence that Democritus found for his idea that everything is made of atoms wa

the smell of bread and of other substances.

Quantum field theory arises out of the combination of

the special theory of relativity and quantum theory.

Galaxies seem to be made mostly of dark matter. One type of evidence for this comes from observations of

the speeds at which gas clouds orbit the centers of galaxies.

The fission reaction involves

the splitting of a heavy nucleus.

why are nuclear reactions more powerful than chemical reactions

the strong force is stronger than the electric force

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is

the time required for the decay of half of a large sample of nuclei of that isotope

One phenomenon that supports the quantum theory of radiation is

the tiny flashes when a light beam strikes a screen.

Suppose you are on the moon and you drop a rock and a feather at the same time. You will find that

the two fall at the same speed, but this speed is slower than a rock would fall on Earth.

When a transparency sheet is rubbed with a tissue and the transparency and tissue are then held at rest a short distance apart,

the two objects exert electric forces on each other, because electrons are rubbed off of one and onto the other

The spectrum of the hydrogen atom differs from the spectrum of the helium atom due to

their different energy levels. B. the different frequencies of their emitted photons. BOTH OF THEM

Jack rides a bicycle northward at 12 mph. Jill rides southward on the same road at 12 mph. As they pass each other

their speeds are identical but their velocities are different.

When you touch a warm pot on the stove,

thermal energy flows from the pot to your hand

When you touch a piece of ice,

thermal energy flows from your hand to the ice.

According to the second law of thermodynamics

thermal energy flows spontaneously from high temperatures to low temperatures.

In the fusion of low-mass nuclei to make heavier nuclei

thermal energy is produced. nuclear energy is converted to other forms. the final nucleus has a smaller rest-mass than the total rest-mass of the original nuclei. ALL

If a proton and an electron are placed a short distance apart,

they will be attracted to each other.

Very early in his thinking about relativity, Einstein asked himself what a person would observe if he or she kept up with a lightbeam. In answer to this question, the theory of relativity states that

this is not a valid question because a person cannot move as fast as a lightbeam.

A primary reason for you to learn science, according to the textbook's opening section, is

to increase your awareness.

Our primary reason for studying the theories of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler in this course is

to learn about the methods and the validity of science

Light waves are

traveling disturbances in an electromagnetic field.

The "energy efficiency" of a device is

ts useful energy output divided by the total energy put into the device

Compared to the gravitational force on a 1 kg object, the gravitational force on a 2 kg object is

twice as large.

In quantum theory, "entanglement" refers to

two particles sharing a single quantum field (EM field or matter field) with each other.

The entanglement experiment described in the textbook demonstrates that

two separated particles can exhibit instantaneous non-local connections, as predicted by quantum theory

Which of the following waves has the highest frequency?

ultraviolet

If the distance between two charged objects and the charge on each of them are all doubled, the electric force by either one on the other is

unchanged

Small ripples on the surface of a pond are

v

During this century, we have found that Newton's physics does not apply to

very small objects. high speed objects. very strong gravitational forces. ALL OF THEM

The surprising feature of the double-slit experiment with electrons is

when both slits are open, the impact pattern on the viewing screen is an interference pattern.

Which of the following is not a wave?

water flowing down a river

The power of American automobiles is usually rated in "horsepower." What other units could be used?

watts

Two different continuous water waves on the surface of a pond would be expected to have roughly the same

wave speeds

Space and time

were created by the big bang

An auto moves at a steady 50 mph down a straight level road. The net force on the auto is

zero

You hold a 2 newton apple, having a mass of 0.2 kg, at rest in your hand. The net force on the apple is then

zero


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