Immune Physiology CONNECT Assignment
Helper T cells express the marker ______ on their surface.
CD4
During phagocytosis, if the pseudopods completely surround the bacterium before the lysosomes fuse the contents of the lysosome will be released into the extracellular space. true or false
False
Macrophages and dendritic cells are considered non-professional antigen-presenting cells. True or False
False
Cytotoxic T cells express the marker ______ on their surface.
MHC I
Helper T cells recognize antigen presented to them in _________ molecules.
MHC II
Allergies involve which of the following leukocytes or immune mediators? (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY) Mast cells IgA Th2 cells Histamine
Mast cells Th2 cells Histamine
There are three major groups of phagocytic cells in the body. Some travel throughout the bloodstream, while others are unique to specific organs and keep residence there. Identify all the cells capable of phagocytosis. Check all that apply: Neutrophils B lymphocytes Natural killer cells Monocytes Mast cells Microglia Macrophages
Neutrophils Monocytes Microglia Macrophages
The image demonstrates two methods by which a neutrophil or macrophage may engulf or destroy a pathogen. Which pathway is preferable, and why?
Pathway 1, because the lyzosomal enzymes stay contained within the cell, preventing more inflammation and damage to an already infected area.
When a B cell is activated by its specific antigen, it can differentiate into a memory cell or a _____________ (an antibody "factory"). Multiple Choice mast cell T cell plasma cell NK cell
T cell
"The first line of defense" against pathogens refers to the fact that the innate immune system is __________. Multiple Choice: -All of the choices are correct. -the strongest/most capable defense system that the body has against invading pathogens -the first series of defense mechanisms that a pathogen will encounter when making contact with the body -responds first, but will always require the adaptive immune system to become involved to prevent infection
the first series of defense mechanisms that a pathogen will encounter when making contact with the body
Upon a second exposure to an infection (or an exposure after vaccination), the B cell response is much stronger with a greater antibody production. This is because: Multiple Choice: the memory B cells have been activated and immediately start producing antibodies. neutrophils move in to the lymph nodes and promote inflammation. the infection wasn't as bad the second time. T cells are also activated to the infection, but only the second time.
the memory B cells have been activated and immediately start producing antibodies.
Which of the following are non-leukocyte components of innate immunity? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY: The skin Stomach acid Antibodies Complement
The skin Stomach acid Complement
A person has many different clones of B cells in their body, each responding to a different antigen. True or false
True
In passive immunity, a person receives antibodies from someone else (or another animal) and these provide some immunity. True or false
True
Some innate cells, like neutrophils, release toxic substances and oxygen radicals that can damage healthy cells. True or false
True
The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response. True or False
True
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed __________. Multiple Choice: bacteria aliens viruses antibodies antigens
antigen
Antibodies produced by B cells bind to ________, molecules that stimulate an adaptive immune response. Multiple Choice: pathogens antigens chemokines proteins
antigens
The process of leukocytes exiting the bloodstream and entering a tissue is called:
extravasation
Given the pathogenic mechanism, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) directly interferes with __________. Multiple Choice: innate immunity adaptive immunity complement activation local inflammatory responses activity in primary lymphoid tissues
local inflammatory responses
Cytotoxic T cells recognize __________. Multiple Choice: receptors on B cells fragments of self-proteins of infected cells viral antigens and class I MHC molecules viral antigens and class II MHC molecules
viral antigens and class I MHC molecules
Antigen presenting cells __________. Multiple Choice: -remain in tissues until T cells migrate to, and destroy the antigen they mark -include both B cells and natural killer cells -are necessary for T cell recognition of antigens -are concentrated in the internal organs
-are necessary for T cell recognition of antigens
When bacteria or other non-self enter a tissue, they are generally first sensed by resident: Multiple Choice: macrophages. mast cells. T cells. neutrophils.
macrophages
Chemokines and cytokines __________. Multiple Choice -directly destroy pathogens -stimulate the proliferation of T, but not B, lymphocytes -stimulate the action and proliferation of the cells of the adaptive immune system -are secreted by pathogens, which attract lymphocytes to them for destruction
-stimulate the proliferation of T, but not B, lymphocytes
1. ____________ enter the tissues through a cut or puncture. ____________ are released by damaged and infected tissues. Local blood vessels ____________ , causing increased blood flow to the area. Capillaries ____________ , causing fluid and plasma proteins to leave the blood and enter the tissues. Neutrophils exit the bloodstream by the process of ____________ . Neutrophils migrate to the site of infection by ____________ , where they can fight the infection. 2. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding fever? multiple choice: Fever results in swelling and redness at a locally-infected tissue. Fever is initiated when mast cells release proinflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Fever inhibits bacterial growth and accelerates tissue repair.
1. Bacteria 2. Proinflammatory chemicals 3. dilate 4. become more permeable 5. diapedesis 6. chemotaxis Fever inhibits bacterial growth and accelerates tissue repair.
Examine the figure, and then indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the role of MHC molecules in T cell activation. True or false 1. Cytotoxic T cells are stimulated to destroy infected cells displaying a foreign antigen together with a class-2 MHC molecule. 2. An absence of class-2 MHC molecules would have no impact on cytotoxic T cell proliferation. 3. While only displayed by antigen presenting cells, class-2 MHC molecules play a role in the destruction of infected cells.
1. false 2. false 3. true
To demonstrate an understanding of autoimmune diseases, place the correct term into each statement. Terms may be used more than once. 1. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize and tolerate ____________ antigens. 2. Autoimmune diseases result in the activation of autoreactive T cells and ____________ of the B cells. 3. Autoimmune diseases may result from a lack or deficiency of ____________ cell activity. 4. ____________ produced by foreign antigens may cross-react with self-antigens, causing destruction of tissues. 5. ____________ are disproportionately affected by autoimmune diseases.
1. self 2. autoantibodies 3. regulatory T 4. Antibodies 5. Women
An antigen-presenting cell presents an antigen to a T-helper cell __________. Multiple Choice on its surface on a class II MHC molecule inside a vesicle on its surface on a class I MHC molecule on its surface attached to an antibody
on its surface on a class II MHC molecule
Cytotoxic T cells produce __________. Multiple Choice: perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells self-proteins class II MHCs antibodies, which make holes in the cell membrane of infected cells
perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells