Immunity
Helper T-cells are also known as what kind of CD cell?
CD4
What is a self-antigen and what is its purpose?
How your immune system recognizes you; antigen that is specific to one person
What is an antigen presenting cell (APC)?
The cell that displays the antigen to the cells of the immune system so they can defend the body against that particular antigen
What are antibodies and what kind of macromolecule are they?
Y-shaped protein that B cells of the immune system produce in response to a non-self antigen; it reacts with the antigen
What is a cytotoxic T-cell?
cytotoxic T-cell is like a specific NK cell
What is pus?
dead tissue + dead phagocytes
What are dendritic cells?
grab pathogens, move them to the lymph nodes, spleen
What is the function of the basophil?
granulocyte; enter tissue and release histamines
How is a self-antigen different from an antigen?
antigen is not specific to one person, rather a foreign substance that is foreign to all
How does the cytotoxic T-cell work?
attach to APCs, releases enzymes that kill infected cells - NK cells are like non-specific cytotoxic T-cell
What is apoptosis?
cell suicide, programmed cell death
What are memory B cells?
cells that respond rapidly to subsequent exposure to a specific antigen (like the memory T-cells)
What is an abcess?
confined pus
What is the function of the neutrophil?
granulocyte; phagocytes that kill with bleach in lysosomes
What is the function of the eosinophil?
granulocyte; phagocytize antibody/antigen complex
What are the two classes of white blood cells and what do they look like?
granulocytes - grainy when stained agranulocytes - without the granules
What are granzymes and how do they work?
granzymes are a non specific response, NK cells that stimulate apoptosis
What is inflammation?
inflamed tissue that is red, warm, swollen; tissue response to stress that includes dilation of blood vessels and fluid accumulation in the affected region
Is inflammation specific or non-specific?
inflammation is non specific
What does it mean for an immune response to be non-specific?
inflammation, fever, doesn't attack a specific threat
What cells produce antibodies?
B cells produce antibodies
What cells are responsible for the antibody-mediated response?
B cells produce the antibodies (aka immunoglobulins)
What is a memory T-cell and how does it work?
A type of T-cell that remains after an infection is defeated; future immune protection
Name two examples of self-antigens
ABO blood types and MHCI (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
What two T-cells work in conjunction with APCs?
Helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells
What is the function of the helper T-cells?
Helper T-cells turn on B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic cells, and other helper T-cells
What are the three types of T-cells?
Helper t-cells, cytotoxic t-cells, and memory t-cells
What hormone is involved in inflammation and what affect does it have on blood vessels?
Histamines dilate blood vessels to increase flow of white blood cells to the area, making it red and warm
How does inflammation help fight infections?
Histamines later dilate blood vessels to increase flow of white blood cells to the area (red, warm) to help fight infections. WBCs and antibodies leak into surrounding tissue; also helps to prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues
What cells are part of the non-specific responses?
NK cells, phagocytes like the neutrophils and macrophages
How do NK cells work?
Natural killers, have perforin that is an enzyme that pokes holes in the cell membranes and granzymes that stimulate apoptosis
What is perforin and how does it work?
Perforin is an NK cell that pokes holes in cell membranes
What is phagocytosis?
Process by which a cell engulfs and digests solids; microbe swallowed in vesicle, vesicle merges with lysosomes holding bleach, H2O2, and other toxins
What kind of cell is responsible for the cell-mediated response?
T-cell is responsible for what kind of response?
What is an antigen?
a foreign substance in your body
What are the three ways antibodies attack antigens?
agglutination - glue makes Ys stick together neutralization - makes antigens harmless (antigen attaches to antibody and it can't work) opsonization - antibody sticks to an antigen, tells cells to come destroy them
What is the function of the lymphocyte?
agranulocyte; B, T, and NK cells, made in the lymphatic system
What is the function of the monocyte?
agranulocyte; develop into macrophages and dendritic cells
What are immunoglobulins?
antibodies; globular plasma protein that functions as an antibody
What are the five types of white blood cells mentioned in class?
neutrophils basophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes
What are macrophages?
phagocyte with filopodia
What are the two features found in specific immune responses that are absent from non-specific responses?
specificity, memory (vaccines)
What is meant by memory in the immune system?
the body "remembers" a disease and builds up WBCs to attack if re-exposed
What is an autoimmune disease?
the immune system attacking the body, immune system products mimicking other molecules