Immunity NCLEX style questions

Which of the following is the adult dosage of subcutaneous epinephrine in anaphylaxis? 3 mg 0.3 mg 30 mg 0.03 mg

0.3 mg Adult (0.15 mg is pediatric dose)

A severe allergic reaction will usually occur within what time period following exposure to the substance to which the patient is allergic? 15 to 30 minutes 2 to 4 minutes 10 to 15 minutes 30 minutes to 2 hours

2 to 4 minutes

Which cell types provide protective responses during inflammation? a. Macrophages and neutrophils b. Erythrocytes and platelets c. Eosinophils and basophils d. Natural killer cells

A Macrophages and neutrophils initiate and complete phagocytosis against invading microorganisms, providing the body with protection against infection. Natural killer cells are not particularly active during inflammation. Eosinophils and basophils are responsible for vascular changes, not protection. Erythrocytes and platelets have no direct roles in inflammation.

Which clinical manifestation would cause the nurse to suspect that the client is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus? A Joint edema and tenderness B Red, burning, tearing eyes C Chest tightness with wheezing on expiration D Fever and night sweats

A- Joint edema and tenderness Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus involve multiple body systems. When the musculoskeletal system is involved, the client exhibits joint tenderness, edema, and morning stiffness. Eyes that are red, burning, and tearing are commonly associated with allergic rhinitis (i.e., hay fever). Chest tightness and wheezing on expiration are associated with allergic asthma. Fever and night sweats are manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A client is prescribed prednisone for treatment of a type I reaction. The nurse plans to monitor the client for which adverse effects? Select all that apply. A. Fluid retention B. Gastric distress C. Hypotension D. Infection E. Osteoporosis

A. Fluid retention B. Gastric distress D. Infection E. Osteoporosis Rationale Hypertension is an adverse effect of prednisone.

A nurse has educated a client on an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen). What statement by the client indicates additional instruction is needed? a. "I don't need to go to the hospital after using it." b. "I must carry two EpiPens with me at all times." c. "I will write the expiration date on my calendar." d. "This can be injected right through my clothes."

ANS: A Clients should be instructed to call 911 and go to the hospital for monitoring after using the EpiPen. The other statements show good understanding of this treatment.

The nurse is planning discharge teaching for a client who has a splenectomy. Which statement does the nurse include in this client's teaching plan? a. "Avoid crowds and people who are sick." b. "Do not eat raw fruits or vegetables." c. "Avoid environmental allergens." d. "Do not play contact sports."

ANS: A The spleen is the major site of B-lymphocyte maturation and antibody production. Those who undergo splenectomies for any reason have a decreased antibody-mediated immune response and are particularly susceptible to viral infections. Eating raw fruits and vegetables places the client at risk for bacterial infections. The body responds to environmental allergens with an unspecific inflammatory process. The client is not at risk for bleeding or injury due to contact sports.

A client has angioedema of the lower face. What will the nurse assess next? a. Pulse oximetry b. Airway patency/respiratory status. c. Breath sounds d. Chest wall symmetry

ANS: B Angioedema of the lower face includes the mouth and can rapidly lead to laryngeal edema and obstruction of the airway. Other assessments of the client's respiratory status could be done after the airway is assessed, such as pulse oximetry, breath sounds, and chest symmetry.

Why is the inflammatory response alone insufficient to provide complete protection against infection? a. It only responds to tissue injury and not to invasion by microorganisms. b. It is nonspecific and no long-lasting immunity is generated by inflammation alone. c. When the inflammatory response is prolonged, it can cause serious tissue damage. d. The body is not capable of synthesizing antibodies at the same time that inflammatory processes are active. e. None of above

ANS: B The cells that provide the protection of inflammation, the neutrophils and the macrophages, have no "memory" to aid them in mounting a faster or stronger response to an invading microorganism upon repeated or subsequent exposure. Without antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity to augment the inflammatory response, humans remain susceptible to reinfection by the same microorganism over and over again.

A patient has a deep puncture wound on his foot from stepping on a nail. When the nurse prepares to give him a tetanus toxoid vaccination, he says he does not need another tetanus shot because he had a tetanus shot just 1 year ago. What is the nurse's best response? A. "You need this vaccination because the strain of tetanus changes every year." B. "I will check with the doctor. You probably do not need another vaccination now." C. "Because antibody production slows down as you age, it is better to take this vaccination as a booster to the one you had a year ago." D. "Tetanus is a more serious disease among younger people because it can be spread to others by sexual transmission, so it is best to take this vaccination now."

ANS: B When people have been "boosting" their tetanus antibodies on a regularly scheduled basis, they should have sufficient circulating antibodies to mount a defense against exposure to tetanus. If this client's medical records substantiate that he did indeed receive a tetanus toxoid booster 1 year ago, he does not need another one now.

For which clients does the nurse assess for inflammation? (Select all that apply.) a. Client who reports pain b. Client diagnosed with an ear infection c. Client who has sunburn d. Client taking vitamin C 500 mg daily e. Client with nausea f. Client reporting reflux g. Client with frostbite

ANS: B, C, F, G Ear infection, sunburn, acid reflux, and frostbite all cause inflammation. Inflammation causes pain. Taking 500 mg vitamin C daily and having nausea do not cause inflammation.

Which condition is a type II hypersensitivity reaction? a. Allergic rhinitis b. Positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test for tuberculosis c. Transfusion reaction to improper blood type d. Serum sickness after receiving immune globulin

ANS: C Common clinical situations caused by type II hypersensitivities include hemolytic transfusion reactions. Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by antibodies directed against body tissues that have some form of non-self (foreign) protein attached to them. Allergic rhinitis is an example of a type I hypersensitivity. A positive PPD test is an example of a type IV reaction. Serum sickness is a type III reaction

Which manifestations or processes of inflammation are caused specifically by blood vessel dilation? a. Increased production and migration of leukocytes b. Phagocytosis and fever c. Warmth and redness d. Swelling and pain e. None of above

ANS: C Dilated blood vessels increase blood flow to an area, leading to increased warmth and color in that area. Dilation alone does not result in swelling. Swelling results from increased capillary permeability.

Which medications are able to directly limit the inflammatory response based on their mechanism of action? Ibuprofen (Motrin) Prednisone Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) All of the above

All of the above

What is a left shift?

An increase in neutrophil precursors (eg, band cells, metamyelocytes) with or without neutrophilia, usually from infection or inflammation

The nurse is assigned to care for a client with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The nurse plans care knowing that this disorder is: A local rash that occurs as a result of allergy A disease caused by overexposure to sunlight An inflammatory disease of collagen contained in connective tissue A disease caused by the continuous release of histamine in the body

An inflammatory disease of collagen contained in connective tissue Test-Taking Strategy: Use the process of elimination. Eliminate option 1 because SLE is a systemic disorder, not a local one. Next eliminate option 2 because of its similarity to option 1. From the remaining options, select option 3 because of its systemic characteristic. If you are unfamiliar with this disorder, review its characteristics.

After receiving an intravenous dose of Vancomycin, your patient begins to complain of shortness of breath and tongue swelling. This would be an example of what type of reaction?

Anaphylactic reaction

Based on your knowledge of the inflammatory response, what is the best nursing action when your patient suffers an acute musculoskeletal injury:

Apply cold & Elevate the extremity. (NOT heat)

After the first injection of an immunotherapy program, the nurse notices a large, red wheal on the client's arm, coughing, and expiratory wheezing. Which intervention should the nurse implement first? A Notifying the health care provider immediately B Administering I.M. epinephrine per protocol C Beginning oxygen by way of nasal cannula D Starting an I.V. line for medication administration

B Immediately on noticing the client's sign and symptoms, the nurse would determine that the client is experiencing anaphylaxis to the injection. The first action is to give 0.2 to 0.5 ml of 1:1,000 epinephrine I.M. Notifying the health care provider, beginning oxygen administration, and starting an I.V. line follow after the initial injection of epinephrine is administered.

The nursing instructor asks the student nurse to explain a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Which statement by the student best describes type IV hypersensitivity? A. "It is a reaction of immune globulin (Ig)G with the host cell membrane or antigen." B. "The reaction of sensitized T-cells with antigen and release of lymphokines activate macrophages and induce inflammation." C. "It results in release of mediators, especially histamine, because of the reaction of IgE antibody on mast cells." D. "An immune complex of antigen and antibodies is formed and deposited in the walls of blood vessels."

B. "The reaction of sensitized T-cells with antigen and release of lymphokines activate macrophages and induce inflammation." Rationale A. This describes type II hypersensitivity. B. This is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, as is seen with poison ivy (type IV hypersensitivity). C. This describes a type I hypersensitivity reaction. D. This describes a type III hypersensitivity reaction.

A client is admitted to the hospital with suspected Goodpasture's syndrome. Which findings will the nurse expect to observe? A. Bradycardia B. Hemoptysis C. Increased urine output D. Weight loss

B. Hemoptysis Rationale A. Tachycardia is a manifestation of Goodpasture's syndrome. B. Hemoptysis is a manifestation of Goodpasture's syndrome. Goodpasture's syndrome usually is not diagnosed until serious lung and kidney problems are present. C. Decreased urine output is a manifestation of Goodpasture's syndrome. D. Weight gain is a manifestation of Goodpasture's syndrome.

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of epinephrine? Answer Pallor Vomiting Bradycardia Chest pain

Bradycardia

Which condition or health problem demonstrates inflammation without invasion? a. Allergic rhinitis b. Viral hepatitis c. Osteoarthritis d. Cellulitis e. None of above

C Osteoarthritis is a "wear and tear" disorder that mechanically causes tissue damage. All the other disorders represent invasion by non-self proteins such as pollens, viruses, and bacteria.

Which intervention should the nurse discuss with a patient who has an allergic disorder and is requesting information for allergy symptom control? (Select all that apply.) A Instructing the client to refrain from using air conditioning or humidifiers in the house B Instructing the client to use curtains instead of pull shades over windows C Instructing the client to cover the mattress with a hypoallergenic cover D Instructing the client to wear a mask when cleaning E Instructing the client to avoid using sprays, powders, and perfumes F Instructing the client to change detergents frequently

C, D, E Using hypoallergenic covers and cosmetics will help reduce the chance of n allergic attack, wearing mask while cleaning will help decrease the amount of dust entering the lungs, and avoiding sprays, powders, and perfumes will help decrease the chance of an allergic attack. The client should use air conditioning and humidifiers. Drapes, curtains, blinds, and carpets should be removed. The client should not change detergents or soaps.

A pt is undergoing plasmapheresis for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. The nurse explains that plasmapheresis is used in her treatment to A. remove T lymphocytes in her blood that are producing anti-nuclear antibodies B. remove normal particles in her blood that are being damaged by autoantibodies. C. exchange her plasma that contains antinuclear antibodies with a substitute fluid. D. replace viral-damaged cellular components of her blood with replacement whole blood.

C. exchange her plasma that contains antinuclear antibodies with a substitute fluid. Plasmapheresis is used to remove antibodies from the bloodstream, thereby preventing them from attacking their targets.

The physician has ordered cyclosporine for the client who has undergone a kidney transplant. What will the nurse's priority assessment of this client include? 1. Assessing for infection 2. Assessing for peripheral edema 3. Assessing airway clearance 4. Assessing cardiac output

Correct Answer: 1 Rationale : Cyclosporine suppresses the immune response, so the nurse should assess the client for infection.

The client receives cyclosporine. The nurse completes medication education and evaluates that learning has occurred when the client makes which statement? 1. "I must check my blood pressure; it can run low with this medication." 2. "I cannot have grapefruit while I am on this medication." 3. "Mealtimes will have no effect on when I take this medication." 4. "I might have an increased urine output with this medication."

Correct Answer: 2 Rationale 2: Grapefruit increases blood levels of cyclosporine, and should not be consumed by the client while taking cyclosporine.

A key part of the nursing process when caring for a client who is receiving immunosuppressant therapy should be to 1. assess nutritional status. 2. monitor vital signs. 3. assess renal function. 4. monitor liver function studies.

Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Renal function is key because these drugs can cause nephrotoxicity because of physiological changes in the kidneys.

The client receives infliximab (Remicade), an immunosuppressant medication. What is the priority information for the nurse to teach the client about this medication? 1. The client should get adequate exercise. 2. The client should drink plenty of fluids. 3. The client should eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. 4. The client should avoid crowds.

Correct Answer: 4 Rationale 4: Avoiding crowds is important to avoid exposure to infection.

The nurse is assigned to care for a client admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The nurse reviews the health care provider's prescriptions. Which of the following medications would the nurse expect to be prescribed? Antibiotic Antidiarrheal Corticosteroid Opioid analgesic

Corticosteroid Rationale: Treatment of SLE is based on the systems involved and symptoms. Treatment normally consists of anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. The incorrect options are not standard components of medication therapy for this disorder.

The nurse is administering immunizations at a health care clinic. The nurse understands that an immunization will provide: A Protection from all disease B Innate immunity from disease C Natural immunity from disease D Artificial immunity from disease

D Artificial immunity from disease Artificial immunity can occur by receiving an immunization that causes antibodies to a specific pathogen to form. Natural (innate) immunity is present at birth. No immunization protects the client from all diseases.

Mr. Mc Princeton who is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complains about joints that always hurt, saying, "I just feel like staying in bed all day." Which discharge instruction would be aimed at maintaining as such function as possible? A "Refrain from exercise because it only aggravates the disease process." B "Apply elastic bandages to all joints to increase the pain threshold." C "Maintain a supine position most of the day to prevent the stress of weight bearing." D "Promote aquatic (water) exercises to enhance joint mobility."

D Water exercises are excellent because water promotes buoyancy, which eases joint movement. Persons with RA should maintain an active exercise program to strengthen and preserve muscle movement. Heat or cold applications, which promote circulation and reduce swelling, may help relieve pain, but elastic bandage wraps most likely would not be helpful.

The nurse is assessing a client who has small groups of vesicles over his chest and upper abdominal area. They are located only on the right side of his body. The client states his pain level is 8/10, and describes the pain as burning in nature. Which question is most appropriate to include in the data collection? Did you have chicken pox as a child?" "How many sexual partners have you had?" "Did you use an electric blanket on your side?" "Why don't you try docosanol cream (Abreva) on your lesions

Did you have chicken pox as a child?" Rationale: The client has the symptoms of herpes zoster, or shingles, which is caused by the same organism as chicken pox. Asking about sexual partners is inappropriate for this disorder. An electric blanket use does not cause this type of lesions. Abreva is used on herpes simplex I (cold sores).

Which of the following occurs to blood vessels during an anaphylactic reaction? Answer Constriction No change Spasm Dilation

Dilation

When caring for a pt with a known latex allergy, the nurse would monitor the pt closely for a cross-sensitivity to which of the following foods (Select ALL that apply). A. Grapes B. Oranges C. Bananas D. Potatoes E. Tomatoes

Grapes, Bananas, Potatoes, Tomatoes (Also avocados, chestnuts, kiwi, water chestnuts, guava, hazelnuts, peaches, and apricots) Due to similar protiens

Following a kidney transplant, a client is started on medication to prevent organ rejection. Which category of medication prevents the formation of antibodies against the new organ?

Immunosuppressants

Which of the following is the reason why infants rarely experience anaphylactic reactions? Infants have received natural immunity to allergens from their mothers before birth. Infants have not yet developed antibodies to allergens. Allergens do not affect infants.

Infants have not yet developed antibodies to allergens.

Edema occurs in inflammation due to: Constriction of small veins in the surrounding area. Leakage of plasma from capillaries. Increased phagocytic action of white blood cells. Concentration of injurious agents.

Leakage of plasma from capillaries.

A patient is receiving levofloxacin. Levofloxacin is active against Strep pneumonia. Based on your knowledge of the potential complications of this drug, you will be alert for which adverse effects?

Loose, watery stools: Gastrointestinal side effects that may occur include abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting. Tendon Rupture: Levfloxacin may increase the risk of tendinitis and rupture. Monitor client for tendon pain or inflammation. Photosensitivity: Sun exposure can cause photosensitivity reactions so advise client to stay out of sun or wear protective clothing.

Which of the following changes commonly occurs in the cardiovascular system during anaphylaxis? Low blood pressure due to vasodilation High blood pressure due to tachycardia Low blood pressure due to bradycardia High blood pressure due to vasoconstriction

Low blood pressure due to vasodilation

Why does the nurse encourage an older adult patient to receive a flu shot?

Older patients are unable to generate new antibodies in response to the presence of new antigens. Hence, they should be encouraged to receive immunizations such as a flu shot, shingles vaccination, and pneumococcal vaccination.

The nurse assesses a surgical patient the morning of the first postoperative day. Signs of a local inflammatory response that the nurse EXPECTS to find include: Slight redness and heat of the incision. Leukocytosis with elevated monocytes. Pain and serous drainage of the incision. Fever and increased pulse and respiratory rate.

Slight redness and heat of the incision.

You are caring for a patient who has a severe rash and itching from poison ivy in the lower legs. This reaction is best understood as an example of cell mediated immunity. The cell type involved in this type of immunity are: a. B lymphocytes b. T lymphocytes c. Natural killer cells d. Antibodies

T lymphocytes

The nurse notes that the client has a "left shift of their wbc count" which lab result supports this conclusion?

The bands outnumber of segmented neutrophils.

Which cells are responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs in the human body?

The natural killer cells enter the transplanted organs through blood and penetrate the organ cells by causing lysis. This reaction initiates the inflammatory response and may lead to acute rejection of the organ.

What is the expected action caused by epinephrine in anaphylaxis?

Vasoconstriction

Which of the following would you expect to hear when auscultating the lungs of a patient having an anaphylactic reaction? Clear, adequate air movement Fine, wet crackles or rales Coarse-sounding rhonchi Wheezing

Wheezing

Within what period of time should the EMT expect most anaphylaxis patients to respond to the administration of subcutaneous epinephrine? Answer Within 15 to 30 seconds Within 2 minutes Within 20 minutes Within 10 minutes

Within 2 minutes

Upon delivering a patient to the emergency department, you remove your gloves and find that your hands are red and itchy. Which of the following is most likely? You are showing early signs of an anaphylactic reaction. You have come into contact with poison ivy in the patient's yard. You have been exposed to an infectious disease through contact with the patient. You are having an allergic reaction to the latex in the gloves.

You are having an allergic reaction to the latex in the gloves.

How does your immune system know which cells to attack and which cells are part of your own body?

Your immune system can recognize cells based on the proteins present on the surface of cells. Viruses, bacteria, and other foreign cells are recognized as being different from your own cells and are attacked by your immune system. Sometimes, one of your own cells changes, or mutates, giving the cell the ability to multiply continuously. Such mutations often are the cause of cancer. Your immune system has the ability to recognize mutated cells and attack them before they can grow into a tumor.

Elevated C-reactive protein indicates:

a general inflammatory response

A patient with a systemic bacterial infection has 'goose bumps," feels colds and has a shaking chill. At this stage of the febrile response, the nurse would expect to find: skin flushing. a rising body temperature. decreased blood pressure muscle cramping.

a rising body temperature.

What assessment data is typically seen in EARLY sepsis that must be recognized by the nurse: a. New onset of confusion b. BP of 70/40 c. Heart rate >100 with no obvious cause (lack of fever or pain) d. All of the above.

a& c

How is fever protective to the human body: a. makes it more difficult for micro-organisms to multiply b. Increases production of neutrophils c. Decreases production of cytokines d. a&b e. All of the above

a&b a. makes it more difficult for micro-organisms to multiply b. Increases production of neutrophils

Antibody mediated immunity (Humeral immunity) complements the inflammatory response because: a. It is specific and has the ability to recognize previous antigens b. Is quick acting, responding to a recognized antigen within 6 hours c. Is delayed in its response to a recognized antigen, taking 1-3 days d. a&b e. a&c

a&c a. It is specific and has the ability to recognize previous antigens c. Is delayed in its response to a recognized antigen, taking 1-3 days

The leukocyte that will be elevated in a viral infection are: a. lymphocytes b. monocytes c. neutrophils d. macrophages

a. lymphocytes

Which type of WBC is the most numerous? a. neutrophil b. lymphocyte c. eosinophil d. basophil

a. neutrophil (65%) Lymphocytes are next, eosinophils (2%), then basophils

Nursing considerations when giving Prednisone must include knowing the following : when giving orally give with food to prevent gastric ulcers immune response suppressed which increases risk of infection Increases blood glucose-need to assess for hyperglycemia

all answers are correct!

Which type of immunity does a patient acquire following a vaccination or immunization?

artificial active immunity.

Reasons why steroids can be used in different situations:

as part of your treatment to help destroy cancer cells and make chemotherapy more effective. to help reduce an allergic reaction to certain drugs. in low doses as anti-sickness drugs to improve your appetite

Your adult patient is scheduled to receive an influenza vaccination. She asks "how do those things work anyway?" Select the best response. a. "They work by giving you antibodies so you will be immune immediately if exposed in the future to the same antigen." b. "Immunizations work by sensitizing your body to prepare antibodies against this virus if exposed in the future to the same antigen." c. "Trust me, they work and you need one!" d. "Immunizations work by activating cytokines which are part of the immune response."

b. "Immunizations work by sensitizing your body to prepare antibodies against this virus if exposed in the future to the same antigen."

Why is the inflammatory response alone insufficient to provide complete protection against infection? a. It only responds to tissue injury and not to invasion by microorganisms. b. It is nonspecific and no long-lasting immunity is generated by inflammation alone. c. When the inflammatory response is prolonged, it can cause serious tissue damage. d. The body is not capable of synthesizing antibodies at the same time inflammatory processes are active.

b. It is nonspecific and no long-lasting immunity is generated by inflammation alone.

Vasodilation resulting in redness at the site of injury is primarily due to the bodies: a. Cellular response to cell injury b. Vascular response to cell injury c. Humeral immunity d. Cell mediated immunity

b. Vascular response to cell injury

Which of the following phrases BEST describes the inflammatory process? a. The body's response to an infectious process. b. An abnormal event that accompanies selected disease processes. c. A normal body response to cell and tissue injury and death. d. A disease process that is accompanied by fever.

c. A normal body response to cell and tissue injury and death.

Your patient was started on a broad spectrum antibiotic for symptoms of a respiratory infection. A sputum culture and sensitivity have been sent. The nurse knows these tests will provide the following information: a. Identify the bacteria as gram positive or negative and provide a prediction of duration. b. Information related to the inflammatory response and stage of infection c. Identification of the pathogen and its susceptibility to certain anti-infective medications d. Identification of the pathogen and how likely the client is to become ill from it.

c. Identification of the pathogen and its susceptibility to certain anti-infective medications

Which statement is true about pathologic conditions of the immune system? a. Allergies result when the immune system loses its ability to react to antigens. b. In immunodeficiency, the body's immune system overreacts to foreign antigens. c. In autoimmune diseases such as Lupus or Rheumatoid Arthritis, the body's immune system treats some of the body's own tissues as foreign invaders. d. None of the above.

c. In autoimmune diseases such as Lupus or Rheumatoid Arthritis, the body's immune system treats some of the body's own tissues as foreign invaders.

In the course of the normal immune response, antigens of any type are: a. Reproduced. b. Strengthened. c. Neutralized. d. Changed to "memory cells"

c. Neutralized.

Which nonpharmacologic interventions should a nurse include in a care plan for a client who has moderate rheumatoid arthritis? Select ALL that apply: a. massaging inflamed joints b. avoiding ROM exercise c. applying splints to inflamed joints d. using assistive devices at all times e. selecting clothing that has Velcro fasteners f. applying moist heat to joints

c. applying splints to inflamed joints e. selecting clothing that has Velcro fasteners f. applying moist heat to joint

Which of the following is a true statement about antibiotic resistant bacterial illnesses: a. They usually occur in the hospital setting but may be acquired in the community b. Immunosuppressed patients are at the greatest risk of acquiring them. c. Not completing a full prescription of antibiotics may cause bacteria to adapt and become resistanct. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The primary chemical mediators produced by the body to coordinate the inflammatory response include: Neutrophils Histamine Prostaglandins All of the above

histamine & prostoglandins

Basophils release histamine and heparin in the areas of tissue damage which promotes the action of __ & ____?

neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils help with ingestion and phagocytosis of foreign proteins.

16. A patient is brought to the health care facility with abdominal pain and fever. A complete blood count (CBC) is done and the WBC is elevated. The nurse understands that increases in the WBC primarily reflect increases in: eosinophils lymphocyte monocytes. neutrophils.

neutrophils.

Eosinophils act against

parasitic larvae and decrease the inflammatory responses, especially during allergic responses.

Which antibiotic-resistant organisms cannot be killed by normal hand soap?

vancomycin-resistant-enterococci