immunology test 1

Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include a. bacteria b. viruses c. fungi d. parasites (protozoans and worms) e. All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease

A: D all of the above.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. monocyte progenitor: macrophage b. erythroid progenitor: megakaryocyte c. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil d. lymphoid progenitor: natural killer cell e. None of the above is mismatched.

A: is E none of the above

look at number 2-22for this question

Column A Column B a. activation of blood-vessel endothelium 1. IL-1 b. fever 2. IL-6 c. induction of IL-6 synthesis 3. CXCL8 d. increase in vascular permeability 4. IL-12 e. localized tissue destruction 5. TNF- f. production of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes 6. type I interferons g. induction of resistance to viral replication h. activation of NK cells i. leukocyte chemotaxis j. activation of binding by 2 integrins (LFA-1, CR3) k. septic shock l. mobilization of metabolites

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mannose-binding lectin? Select all the correct answers a. acts as an opsonin by binding to mannose-containing carbohydrates of pathogens b. synthesized by hepatocytes c. induced by elevated IL-6 d. a member of the pentraxin family e. triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation.

D and E are answer d. a member of the pentraxin family e. triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation

Which of the following complement components is an opsonin that binds to complement receptor 1 (CR1) on macrophages?

a. C3b

The antibody transported across mucosal epithelia is _____: a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM.

a. IgA

A circulating B cell that has never before encountered antigen expresses _____ on the cell surface: a. IgM and IgD b. IgM c. IgD d. IgM and IgG e. IgG f. IgE.

a. IgM and IgD

Which of the following statements regarding CD8 T cells is incorrect? a. When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells. b. CD8 is also known as the CD8 T-cell co-receptor. c. CD8 binds to MHC molecules at a site distinct from that bound by the T-cell receptor. d. CD8 T cells kill pathogen-infected cells by inducing apoptosis. e. CD8 T cells are MHC class I-restricted.

a. When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells.

Which of the following does not describe defensins? a. highly conserved with few variants b. contain a large proportion of arginine residues c. contain three intra-chain disulfide bonds d. amphipathic, with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions e. disrupt pathogen membranes by penetrating and disrupting their integrity

a. highly conserved with few variants

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation? a. inactivation of macrophages b. increased vascular permeability and edema c. vasodilation d. pain e. influx of leukocytes

a. inactivation of macrophages

Which of the following pairs of associations is mismatched? a. large granular lymphocyte: T cell b. megakaryocyte: platelet c. B cell: plasma cell c. monocyte: macrophage d. myeloid progenitor: neutrophil.

a. large granular lymphocyte: T cell

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. lymphocytes: innate immune response b. natural killer cell: kills virus-infected cells c. macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms d. erythrocyte: oxygen transport e. eosinophil: defense against parasites.

a. lymphocytes: innate immune response

Which of the following statements are correct?a. Macrophages are granulocytes. b. Macrophages derive from monocytes. c. Macrophages are non-phagocytic. d. Macrophages reside in the tissues. e. All of the above statements are false.

b. Macrophages derive from monocytes. AND d. Macrophages reside in the tissues.

In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of _____ in secondary lymphoid tissue: a. macrophages b. T cells c. B cells d. dendritic cells e. epithelium.

b. T cells

Which of the following TLRs do not use a signal transduction cascade involving MyD88? a. TLR1:TLR2 b. TLR3 c. TLR4 d. TLR2:TLR6 e. TRL7.

b. TLR3

Which of the following statements is false? a. During human development, hematopoiesis takes place at different anatomical locations. b. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood cells. c. Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing. d. Platelets participate in clotting reactions to prevent blood loss. e. Megakaryocytes do not circulate and reside only in the bone marrow

b. The hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to white blood cells but a different stem cell is the progenitor of red blood cells.

Which of the following does not describe the actions of the coagulation system? a. blood clot formation b. enhancement of dissemination of microbes into lymphatics and bloodstream c. decrease in blood loss and fluid into interstitial spaces in tissues d. release of inflammatory mediators by platelets e. wound healing. 2-12

b. enhancement of dissemination of microbes into lymphatics and bloodstream

The plasma proteins that counteract the activity of factor P by inactivating C3 convertase through the cleavage of C3b are: a. factor B and factor H b. factor H and factor I c. factor B and factor I d. decay-accelerating factor and factor H e. decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein.

b. factor H and factor I

The five isotypes of immunoglobulin differ from each other in their _____: a. light-chain constant regions b. heavy-chain constant regions c. light-chain variable regions d. heavy-chain variable regions e. heavy-chain variable and constant regions.

b. heavy-chain constant regions

Immune cells within the lymphatic circulation are directly deposited into which of the following anatomical sites so that the cells may reenter the bloodstream? a. right aorta b. left subclavian vein c. left carotid artery d. high endothelial venule e. hepatic vein.

b. left subclavian vein

Which of the following does not accurately describe complement components? a. soluble proteins b. made by the spleen c. located in extracellular spaces d. some function as proteases once activated e. activated by a cascade of enzymatic reactions.

b. made by the spleen

Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that enhances complement fixation? a. TNF- b. mannose-binding lectin c. fibrinogen d. LFA-1 e. CXCL8. 7

b. mannose-binding lectin

Examples of granulocytes include all of the following except: a. neutrophil b. monocyte c. basophil d. eosinophil. e. All of the above are examples of granulocytes.

b. monocyte

Which of the following is not a characteristic of native antigen recognized by T cells? a. peptides ranging between 8 and 25 amino acids in length b. not requiring degradation for recognition c. amino acid sequences not found in host proteins d. primary, and not secondary, structure of protein e. binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

b. not requiring degradation for recognition

Vaccination is best described as prevention of severe disease by: a. deliberate introduction of a virulent strain of an infectious agent b. prior exposure to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form c. prophylactic treatment with antibiotics d. stimulating effective innate immune responses e. using effective public health isolation regimens such as quarantine.

b. prior exposure to an infectious agent in an attenuated or weakened form

Which of the following is not a characteristic of C-reactive protein? a. acts as an opsonin by binding to phosphocholine of pathogens b. synthesized by spleen c. induced by elevated IL-6 d. a member of the pentraxin family e. triggers the classical pathway of complement activation.

b. synthesized by spleen

_____, _____, and _____ are the three most abundant antibodies in blood: a. IgA, IgD, and IgE b. IgA, IgE, and IgG c. IgA, IgG, and IgM d. IgE, IgG, and IgM e. IgD, IgE, and IgM.

c. IgA, IgG, and IgM

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils? a. life span b. anatomical location c. ability to phagocytose d. morphology e. formation of pus.

c. ability to phagocytose

Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue? a. efferent lymphatic vessel lymph node afferent lymphatic vessel b. venule lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel c. afferent lymphatic vessel lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel d. artery lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel e. afferent lymphatic vessel lymph node artery.

c. afferent lymphatic vessel lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel

The process of _____ results in the amplification of particular T cells or B cells with specificity for antigen a. germline recombination b. somatic recombination c. clonal selection d. antigen processing e. antigen presentation.

c. clonal selection

Which of the following is mismatched? a. immunoglobulin light chain: VJ b. T-cell receptor chain: VJ c. immunoglobulin heavy chain: VJ d. T-cell receptor chain: VDJ e. None of the above is mismatched.

c. immunoglobulin heavy chain: VJ

The process of _____ results in change in the constant region of the heavy-chain of antibodies, causing a change in the effector function and transport properties of antibodies: a. complement fixation b. neutralization c. isotype switching d. somatic hypermutation e. somatic recombination.

c. isotype switching

The lectin pathway of complement activation is induced by: a. C-reactive protein b. antibodies bound to pathogens c. mannose-binding lectin d. C3Bb e. terminal components of the complement pathway

c. mannose-binding lectin

Which of the following does not contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid tail? a. decay-accelerating factor (DAF) b. homologous restriction factor (HRF) c. membrane cofactor protein (MCP) d. protectin (CD59) e. all of the above contain a GPI tail.

c. membrane cofactor protein (MCP)

The most abundant type of leukocyte in human peripheral blood is:

c. neutrophil

The mutational mechanism that results in the production of antibodies that bind antigen with higher affinity is called _____: a. somatic recombination b. isotype switching c. somatic hypermutation d. clonal selection e. antigen processing.

c. somatic hypermutation

Damage to tissues triggers a cascade of plasma proteins involving bradykinin and is known as: a. the alternative pathway of complement b. the coagulation system c. the kinin system 6 d. receptor-mediated endocytosis e. the acute-phase response.

c. the kinin system

Which of the following are important in anchoring the membrane-attack complex to the membrane? a. C3 and C5 b. C5 and C6 c. C6 and C7 d. C7 and C8 e. C8 and C9.

d. C7 and C8

Which of the following TLR3 and TLR4 adaptor proteins participates in the activation pathway that culminates in the synthesis of type I interferons? a. C-reactive protein b. MyD88 c. LPS-binding protein d. TRIF and TRAM e. NFB.

d. TRIF and TRAM

Which of the following is the predominant route by which pathogens are brought from a site of infection into a lymph node? a. efferent lymphatics b. artery c. vein d. afferent lymphatics e. high endothelial venule.

d. afferent lymphatics

Which of the following is not a characteristic of septic shock? a. organ failure b. high mortality rate c. compromised blood supply to vital organs d. blood vessel constriction e. disseminated intravascular coagulation.

d. blood vessel constriction

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. T-cell activation: cell division and differentiation b. effector B cell: plasma cell c. plasma cell: antibody secretion d. helper T cell: kills pathogen-infected cells e. helper T cell: facilitates differentiation of B cells.

d. helper T cell: kills pathogen-infected cells

The ligand for CR3 and CR4 formed by the cleavage of C3b by the combined action of factors H and I is called: a. C3bBb b. C3a c. C3b2Bb d. iC3b e. C5b.

d. iC3b

One reason that pathogenic microorganisms have an advantage in the host they infect is because they: a. have previously been encountered through natural exposure b. have previously been encountered through vaccination c. strengthen the host's immune response d. reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them e. reproduce and evolve more slowly than the host can eliminate them.

d. reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them

Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces? a. mucus-secreting goblet cells b. lysozyme c. M cells d. white pulp e. beating cilia.

d. white pulp

Which of the following is the membrane-bound form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation? a. iC3 b. C3a c. C3b d. iC3Bb e. C3bBb.

e. C3bBb.

Which of the following polymerizes to form a transmembrane channel that compromises the integrity of cell membranes? a. C5 b. C6 c. C7 d. C8 e. C9.

e. C9.

Which of the following best describes the movement of a T cell through a lymph node? a. Enters via efferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream b. Enters via afferent lymphatics and exits via bloodstream c. Enters via bloodstream and exits via afferent lymphatics d. Enters via bloodstream and exits via bloodstream e. Enters via bloodstream and exits via efferent lymphatics.

e. Enters via bloodstream and exits via efferent lymphatics.

Which of the following characteristics permits activated CD8 T cells to destroy any cell type harboring viable and replicating pathogens such as viruses? a. The pathogen is located in extracellular spaces. b. CD8 T cells enable macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens. c. Pathogen-derived peptides bind MHC class I molecules in endocytic vesicles found ubiquitously in most cell types. d. MHC class II molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells. e. MHC class I molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells.

e. MHC class I molecules are expressed ubiquitously by most nucleated cells.

Which of the following explains why immunity to influenza may appear to be relatively short-lived? a. Effective immunological memory fails to develop. b. Immune responses to influenza involve innate immune mechanisms only. c. The primary and secondary immune responses are equivalent. d. Influenza virus targets memory cells. e. New influenza variants able to escape prior immunity regularly

e. New influenza variants able to escape prior immunity regularly.

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes dendritic cells from macrophages? a. They are phagocytic. b. They are leukocytes. c. They are resident in tissues. d. They degrade pathogens. e. They transport antigen from epithelia to draining lymph nodes.

e. They transport antigen from epithelia to draining lymph nodes.

Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen? a. cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature b. pathogen products that decrease body temperature c. pathogen products that increase body temperature d. cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature e. cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature.

e. cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature.

The membrane-bound proteins on human cells that dissociate and inactivate alternative C3 convertase to avoid complement activation are: a. factor B and factor H b. factor H and factor I c. factor B and factor I d. decay-accelerating factor and factor H e. decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein.

e. decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein.

A term generally used to describe all white blood cells is:

e. leukocytes.

The _____ region of the and chains of the T-cell receptor forms the pathogen-specific binding site, whereas the _____ region anchors the molecule on the cell surface a. constant; variable b. effector; constant c. carboxy-terminal end; amino-terminal end d. complement; effector e. variable; constant.

e. variable; constant.