Imperialism
British gradual influence over India
1760-1858 Gradually takes over Had been in contact - trade
Imperialism
1800-1945 Efforts of capitalist states in the West to seize markets, raw materials and lucrative avenues for investment in non-western world which lef to the domination or control of the political, economic, and social life of another country in the 19th cent. Not required to have colonies
British East India Company
1813-1825 Mainly work with Brahmins -1st to profit from Br education and enter government services under BEIC
Opium War
1839 Most battles at sea - Br dominates with navy, C lacks technology -> Humiliating defeat Treaty of Nanjing signed after
Treaty of Nanjing
1842 Hong Kong given to Br Extraterritorial rights - foreigners not subject to Chinese law @ Zhuangzhou, where allowed to trade Opened 4 ports SIGNIFICANCE: Chinese resentment -> resistance, revolt, nationalism
Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864 Who: peasants, led by Hung Hsiu Chuan (army of 1 mil) Want: heavenly kingdom of great peace, Chinese people to share the wealth (no poverty, $ and culture) Actions: Control SE China and capture Nanking Reason for failure: factions when Hsiu Chuan leaves leadership to family, factions, outside intervention Qin dynasty, Br, and Fr put down (in best interest) Tremendous pressure on gov: internal prob v external prob SIGNIFICANCE: leaves Chinese gov w/ Q: reform, or stay with tradition? FOREIGN INFLUENCE GROWS
Treaty of Kanagawa
1854 Japan opens 2 ports to US Other Western countries follow - 1860 foreigners can trade at ports and have extra territorial rights SIGNIFICANCE: Japanese angry leaders gave into foreign demands -> turn to young emperor 1867: Tokagawa Shogun step down -> ends military dictatorship -> Meiji Era begins (45 years)
Sepoy Rebellion
1857 Sepoy = native troops New cartridges of pig and cow fat - violate customs Refuse to use -> imprisoned Revenge: Europeans killed -> rescued by British army in fall 1857 SIGNIFICANCE: British realize must listen to Indians Change from company government to the crown
Meiji Restoration
1867-1912 Young emperor decides Japan has to modernize to counter Western influence - sends expedition to study Western ways and adapt to Japan Increase industrialization - makes Japan competitive with west Wants to get rid of extra territorial rights 1900 - strongest power in Asia
Imperialism and British Culture
Queen Victoria: -Motherly, maternal image to colonies -something for colonies to identify to Imperial Triumphs widely celebrated: -Photographic film and Kodak camera revolutionize media -> imperial triumphs celebrated everywhere -Reiterates superiority and gets people in mother country to support Imperial themes and myths: -I.E on tins and cigarettes -Way to legitimate policies abroad
Protectorate
country that has its own government but foreign government officials guide policies, particularly in foreign affairs
Reasons for Imperialism: China
exploit -> take printing, paper, gunpowder
Reasons for Imperialism: Africa
gain access to raw materials: rubber, oil,gold, exotic fruits new markets Evangelize and force culture
Reasons for Imperialism: India
new market use tea, coffee, cotton -> wealth
Colonialism
1500-1800 Required to have colonies EXPENSIVE
Pre-Imperialism Caste System
1. Brahmins - elite, priestly 2. Kshatriyas - warrior class, ruling aristocracies 3. Vaisyas - farmers, professionals, artisans 4. Shudras - servant class 5. Untouchables - outcasts
Policies adopted in India
1. English official language for all Indian matters (bureaucracy, admin) 2. Sati banned 3. English activity builds canals, railroads 4. Girls (and boys) can receive education
Berlin Conference
1884 German Chancellor Otto von Bismark Set rules for future annexations in Africa and Asia Free commerce in Congo and along the Niger river Efforts to be made to end the slave trade Annexations were only to be recognized if effective occupation was demonstrated No African delegates present Created arbitrary borders -> tension and ethnic groups separated Succeeded in avoiding wars Still tension between competing countries
Sino-Japanese War
1894 China and Japan both agree to leave Korea alone -> China breaks Japan sends troops, destroys navy, drives China out RESULT: gets foothold in Manchuria and gains Taiwan as a colony
Boer War
1899-1902 Gold and diamonds discovered in Transvaal Britain vs. Transvaal and Orange Free State Britain powerful and wins Created bitterness
Boxer Rebellion
1900 Who: peasants, workers, Boxers (secret group) -> resentful of extra territorial rights and Chinese Christians because adopted foreign faith What: campaign against Dowager and foreign privilege Surround Euro section in Beijing for months -> Dowager sympathetic, but no help August 1900: multinational forces come in and defeat
Hundred Days of Reform
1900's: many people want reforms 1898-1899 Young emperor tried to modernize with reforms (edu, eco, govt, mil) -> other leaders saw as a threat to power Brought back Empress Dowager - reverses most reforms
Russo-Japanese War
1903-1904 Russia and Japan - Russia has some rights in Manchuria: Japan will recognize if stays out of Korea -> NO Russia doesn't see Japan as a threat -> Czar doesn't dedicate enough resources 1904: Japan surprise attack on Russian ships -> humiliates Russia Signs treaty: Japan gets territory, Russia has to leave Manchuria and Korea SIGNIFICANCE: Shows rest of the world Japan can't be ignored
Japanese Occupation of Korea
1910 Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate Brutal treatment of Koreans -> rest of world ignored because of own imperialist interests
Indian independence
1947 - 100 years of BEIC rule
Cons of Imperialism in Africa
Africans lost control of their land Many died from disease (small pox) Lost thousands (resistance, labor) Famines - result from change to cash crops from substance farming Breakdown of traditional culture Traditional authority figures replaced Some men forced to leave villages to find ways to support families Division of the continent -> split up kinship groups b/c boundaries completely artificially made European presence undermined stable societies and caused identity problems
Opium
B/c China self sufficient - Euro countries want something Chinese people would buy in bulk - OPIUM (12 mil addicted 1835) Empress Dowager sends letter to Queen Victoria - no response
Indirect Rule
Country has own gov - foreign gov officials guide policies, particularly foreign affairs British mainly Never assimilate -> leaves people feeling inferior Cheaper
Opening of Japanese Ports
Early 19th cent Matthew Perry take 4 steamships -> size and cannons shock - intimidated, realize must open ports
Adventurous Boyhood
Elite British schools=training ground Taught sense of imperial mission and adventure
Richard Burton
Explorer adventurer
Henry Stanley
Explorer adventurer 1870's "Opened" up Congo - Belgium
Impact of Boxer Rebellion
Increase in strong sense of nationalism Realizes must resist foreigners and govt be responsive to needs - China needs change 1905: Dowager sends ppl to study how other countries are run 1906: need to restructure - constitutional monarchy of Japan -> change still slow 1912: revolution -> Republic of China
Pros of Imperialism in Africa
Increased sanitation, schools, hospitals Decreased local warfare Increased life spans, literacy rates Railroads, damn, telephone lines, telegraph African products are valued
Causes
Industrial Revolution: need raw materials to power Increase territory and expand factories Promote Christianity (often used as an excuse to invade and brainwash) Economic profits: markets, manufactured goods, importing, taxes = money Rivalry in colonial Empire: competition between nations Rich resources Individual wealth Nationalism European racism: they should help other countries industrialize because superior
Early 17th Cent Japan
Isolated under Tokagawa Shoguns (Tokagawa Era 1605-1868) No civil wars, peace, relative prosperity
Chinese Internal Problems
Mid 19th cent -> huge increase in population Food production cannot match -> widespread hunger Many depressed Rising opium addiction Defeated in Opium War Other countries take advantage - attacks and negotiates treaty -> after every treaty, more control over Chinese economy Many Spheres of Influence
David Livingstone
Missionary 3 C's - Christianity, commerce, civilization Crosses Africa east to west
European Motives
Nationalism: want to prove themselves as better (other nations and their own people) Economic Competition: want raw materials and markets (trade and goods) -> increased economy European Racism: Feel superior (civilized, tech, culture) - do a 'favor' and civilize -> becomes justification Missionary Impulse: The need to spread Christianity -Good: preach and try to convert -Bad: force conversion
Cons of Imperialism in India
No democratic institutions Economic costs - many women out of work (textiles) Increase in taxes Negative psychological impacts (pride damaged)
Pros of Imperialism in India
Order and stability Attention to education -> young girls Sati outlawed Widows can remarry Increase in railroads, telegraph, infrastructure -> unites previously distant parts of India Better sanitation British civil service exams - meritocracy
Elevated importance of Motherhood
Population = power Healthy children -> healthy men to go out into colonies and wars 3 K's Motherhood -Kinder: kids/children -Kuche: kitchen -Kirche: church
Literature
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1937) - born in India Before lit about class differences 1880's: split into girl's lit (domestic), boys lit (adventure/imperialism)
Late 18th century China
Self sufficient - little interest in trading with West Agrarian: can feed population Mining and manufacturing industries: can employ population Favorable balance of trade - more $ for exports than spent on imports
Euro sovereignty in Africa: actions
Set up control: organize land into districts -Native police force: broke up local wars, slaving raids District offices: -Young civil servants with lots of responsibilities in foreign lands
Imperialist countries
Spain Great Britain Germany Belgium Portugal France Italy
Japanese Hierarchy (Tokagawa Era)
Strict feudal system Emperor: highest rank, but not necessarily most power Shogun: leader of military forces (Most overall power) Daiymo: large land owners Samurai: loyal to shogun and daiymo; knights - live by code of 'warrior class' Peasants: agrarian, 80% of population Artisans: poorest people Merchants: isolated from other countries, making $ is not a priority or value -Did trade with China and Dutch
Direct Rule
Territory that an imperialist power ruled directly. Philosophy was to assimilate native ppl into culture (French Practice)
Open Door Policy
US - long time trading partner -> worried other nations will divide China into colonies and their trade will be destroyed 1889 Open door notes: series of letters that advocate equal access to China - nations agree because doesn't want conflicts, war, and colonies expensive ** Policy protects both US trading rights in China and China free from colonization China still at mercy of foreign countries -> humiliating IMPACT: Increase in Chinese nationalism
Self Strengthening Movement
Update education, military, diplomatic service Factories to produce Mixed results Dowager approves because does not threaten her power, but makes China stronger against foreigners
What made European sovereignty over interior Africa possible?
Weapons: -19th cent: machine gun, mobile artillery, rapid firing rifle -> those who have have advantage ie Europeans Treatment of diseases: -19th cent: understood diseases and had medicine -> less people die Social Darwinism: -framework for a hierarchical division of human societies
Imperial ambitions
When feeling of strength and equality with West increases
Sphere of Influence
a region of a country in which an imperialist power held exclusive investment or trading rights
Association
collaboration with local elites while leaving local traditions alone
Assimilation
effort to transform colonial societies in the Western image
Reasons for Imperialism: Japan
resources, trade
Reasons for Imperialism: in general
seize markets, raw materials, lucrative avenues for investment in non western world
Colony
territory imperialist power ruled directly
