Imperialism

direct rule

Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country

viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

commodity

a marketable product

peninsulare

a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe

creole

a person of European descent born in the Americas and living there permanently

mestizo

a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent

self-strengthening

a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions

protectorate

a political unit that depends on another government for its protection

sepoy

an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interests in the region

spheres of influence

an area in which a foreign power has been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges

indirect rule

colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

imperialism

he extension of a nation's power over other lands

caudillo

in post revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite

prefecture

in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord

annex

incorporate territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

extraterritoriality

living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country's laws

provincial

local; of or relating to a province

indigenous

native to a region

indemnity

payment for damages

concession

political compromise

Monroe Doctrine

the United States policy guaranteeing the independence of Latin American nations and warning against European intervention in the Americas, made by President James Monroe in 1823