INDG 100 - Midterm

Who was the Akaitcho and how was he significant?

"Big foot" accompanied Franklin for part of the expedition; when he left, Franklin and his men ate plants because they had no food and Big foot returned and gave them food.

What is another name for the Wendat?

"Huron"

What does the name Gwich'in mean

"People"

What was the role of the Seneca in the Iroquois Confederacy?

"doors keeper" was the role in the Iroquois Confederacy.

Anasazi people. Time period and defining features.

(AD 700-1000) Anasazi were ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. Two unique features of the Anasazi are that they were great artists and builders. They made pottery called Mimbre pots with distinct black and white designs. They also built the nine towns or "great houses" in the Southwestern US.

What were some aspects of Slave(y) spiritually?

*vision quest / believed that the souls of the dead, passed through the earth, crossed a large lake and began life anew in another world.

How was each of these levels demonstrated? What are some examples?

-Clans reflected the Kinship between people and animals. -One way Kinship between families was shown is in names, on the Northwest Coast names were passed on from ancestors to others, on the Prairies names were more individualized but still had a connection to the past, to events, to ancestors or to the land. -All first nations people recognized Kinship bonds with all expressions of life (rocks, trees, plants, animals, fish, water, birds, stars, earth, etc.)

3 levels Kinship operates on

1. Between Nations 2. Between people within a family 3. Between humans and other beings (animals and spirit-world)

Be able to list 3 or 4 threats to the Mi'kmaq and give a brief explanation of each

1. Disease 2. Bounty Proclamation (1749) 3. Loyalists 4. Squatters 5. Alcohol

What were the "3" bands associated with the Ojibwa?

1. Mississauga 2. Saulteaux (pronounce So-toe* and Ojibwa).

3 reasons stories were told

1. To Educate (Young people, People having problems) 2. To maintain and reinforce traditions (History of the people) 3. To Entertain (Tall tales)

Where did the farmers live, the hunters/gatherers, the buffalo hunters and the fisherman live in pre-contact North America?

A variety of ways people lived on the land, some were hunters & gatherers, others were farmers, generally people lived according to the landscape; the land determined their lifestyle. Along the Mississippi and the Northeastern Woodlands for example people were farmers, on the Great Plains they hunted Buffalo, in the Northwest people hunted Game, and on the West Coast they fished.

Whats the difference between Algonquian & Algonquin?

Algonquian = bigger group , Algonquin = single people.

Who are the people associated with each of these language groups (the Algonquian & Iroquoian)

Algonquian, Eastern: Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Western Abenaki, Munsee (aka Delaware) Iroquoian: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora

When approximately did the Cree, the Ojibwa and the Innu meet Europeans?

Approximately pre-contact estimated between 15,000 and 20,000 people.

How did peace river gets its name?

Beaver comes from Denesuline for Peace River which they called Beaver River.

why are there no more speakers of Tagish?

Because Tagish and Tlingit intermarriage and people spoke more Tlingit than Tagish.

Why do you think their enemies were the Cree?

Because battles between Denesuline and Cree were enemies because of fur traded industry. Cree's took over some of Denesulines territories.

What was the role of the Chipeywan in the fur trade?

Brought goods from HBC trading posts of Hudson's Bay and sold them to fellow trade. Traded for necessities not "frills or finery"

When were the Wendat driven from their traditional territory? By whim were they driven?

By the 1960's, the Huron, Petun and Neutral driven the Wendat from their traditional territory forced to move west in 19th century

What is another name for Ojibwa?

Chippewa

Who made up the original 5 nations of the Iroquois confederacy?

Consisted of Mohawk, Oneoda, Onandaga, Cayuga and Seneca are the 5 nations of the Iroquois confederacy.

Early Native American farmers. How and Why?

Corn, Beans & Squash: the three sisters. One source says that over 60% of the food eaten all over the world today derives from plants that were originally domesticated by Native Americans. In Canada those First Nations in the east (around the Great Lakes) grew crops more so than those living in the west (west of Winnipeg) who were more hunters than farmers.

Mohawk people had how many clans? Was this common in the 5 nations?

Coughnawaga community, Sulpician missionaries, Kateri Tekawitha, Akwesasne, and Tyendinaga. It was not common in the 5 nations.

Why are Slave(y) called that

Cree's had no guns obtained from fur trade Slave(y)s did not. Slave is a misleading as it is an English translation of a Cree word.

Some people of the western Subarctic are?

Denesuline, Han, Hare, Yellowkniwfe and Mountain

Why do you think they were gone from Newfoundland by 1829? (Beothuk)

Did not fully participate in the Fur trade and hostile to other First Nations groups too (Innu, Mi'kmaq and Inuit)

In what ways were the Western Abenaki different from the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet?

Differenced due to their more southern territory: food, totemic clans, peace and war leaders separate

Trade in pre-contact societies. Who traded and why?

Extensive trade network among First Nations before the arrival of Europeans, Trading centers were located on the margins of ecological and cultural areas. The Huron (in today's Ontario) and the Mandan of North Dakota traded farm goods for meat and furs hunted farther north, Rivers were important for this trade.

First Nations World-view - what are 4 defining features? Be able to supply examples of each one.

First Nations had a similar worldview no matter where they lived. Worldview - A way of understanding the world and peoples place in it. Consists of Beliefs (relationship with the land), Cultural practices (Shamans), Spiritual Beliefs (Medicine Wheel), Songs, Ceremonies and Stories (Storytelling).

What is the key component of Mi'kmaq social structure? What are his duties?

First involved in fur trade with the French, Early contact with catholic missionaries, they fought against the English for their own reasons (not just allies of the French).

Hopewell period. What were the defining features?

For centuries from 500 AD on, Hopewell was the dominant force across eastern North America. The first unique feature of Hopewell was mounds, which were burial mounds, effigy mounds and serpent mounds. Hopewell also had embankments, often of great size & engineering skill, were constructed around the ceremonial areas.

How did Shamans operate? Be able to list 3 things they contributed to their group

For sick Mi'kmaq, Shamans brought a medicine bag that contained stones or miniature weapons that had spiritual or magical powers. Shamanic performances helped heal illness of the spirit as well as physical illness. Tsimshian Shamans also combated curses placed on people by their enemies.

What is the Midewein?

Grand Medicine Society. Played a role in the development and maintenance of Ojibwa traditional medical spiritual practice (these two were thought to be related)

Did the Huron have a confederacy as well?

Had a 5 member confederacy.

What are 2 unique things about the Gwich'in

Had three ranked clans, had more of a hierarchical social structure than did other Dene people and language closely related to Han and Tutchone.

How does the Hare territory influence their lifestyle?

Hare people relied on caribou, moose and musk-ox as well as fish (trout and whitefish).

What two main groups are included in the Iroquoain language family? Where did these people live?

Huron and Wendat Includes the people who lived along the St. Lawrence River and in Southern Ontario.

Why were the Onondaga important to the 5 nations confederacy?

Important to the confederacy name bearers and fire-keepers in council.

What is the difference between "Iroquois" and "Iroquoian"?

Iroquois - language is still alive. Iroquoian - the language spoken is dead

What was the result of Joseph Brants participation for the British in the American revolution?

Joseph Brant Pine Chief sided with the British for war, so the British purchased a land from Mississauga for Mohawk.

What situation initially set the context for the Oka Crisis in the 1990's?

Land earlier promised to Mohawks was given to Sulpician missionaries to form a mission at Oka (aka Kanehsatake) The American Revolution.

The Maliseet - who were they?

Main signatories of the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

What might the origins of the Sekani people be?

May have been part of the Beaver First Nations into the mountains.

Of the Montagnais and Naskapi, who spoke French and who spoke English?

Montagnais spoke French and Naskapi spoke English.

What does the Monte Verde Site in Chile tell us?

Monte Verde Site in Chile dates back to 12,500 BC has established that there is a pre-Clovis settlement.

Where do they live and what do they eat? (beaver people)

Northern BC and the river valley of the Parsnip and Findlay River and they eat Buffalo, moose, bear, porcupines, beaver, deer, mountain goats and sheep. Fishing was a last resort.

What are JV Wright's 3 archeological classifications for early Canadian native history?

Period I - is 12,000-10,000 BP, material culture has also been found in Siberia. Wedge shaped core tools, Micro blades, Bifacial knives, Burins. Period II - is between 10,000 to 6,000 BP, new weapons, technology at this time - the atlatl or spear thrower. Period III - is between 6000 & 3000 BP, Middle Maritime culture, Ancestors of Algonquin speakers of Atlantic Provinces & Quebec, Middle shield culture - ancestors of Cree, Ojibwa, Innu & (possibly) Beothuk.

What are 5 Cree Dialect?

Plain Crees, Swampy Cree, Woods Cree, Moose Cree and East Cree.

What was Pontiac's claim to fame and why he killed?

Pontiac's was a great Ottawa leader (well known for the rebellion he let after the British defeated the French in 1763.

What does Ojibwas name mean?

Refer to themselves as "human beings"

What is another name for the Beaver people?

Refers themselves as "real people"

What is the difference between a sachem and pine tree chief?

Sachem - could lose his position (if he is in it for himself) Pine Tree Chief - based on ability not status (rise to power based on their achievement)

Spiritual world - what was the role of the Shamans?

Shamans or Medicine man, were the mediators between the unseen spirit world and the ordinary world, they could be seen as helpful or malevolent (as a positive force or a negative force). One positive aspect was they had an ability to heal, sometimes they were the only hope during a fatal disease.

What types of dwelling did the Huron and the Iroquois live in?

Shared corn based agriculture

what is the Dunne-za hunt impacted by?

Similarities, differences and chiefs.

why was one of these groups called Slave(y)?

Some were captured as prisoners by the Cree's and some were adopted by the Cree's, they were not technically "slaves"

How did peace come about between the Yellowknife and Dogrib?

Stories came through the efforts of Edzo, A Dogrib spiritual leader a Yellowknife man married Edzo *sister in Akaitcho's band and that through this connection. Edzo was able to arrange lasting peace.

• Be able to explain a little about each of these 2 things - (The Windigo and Little people)

Stories of the Windigo told to teach the proper roles of conduct *teaching the consequence* of not following behaviour norms and little people in rocks said to live in cliff faces of lakes and rivers or in rocky places underground could be nuisances or could be helpful if people followed the proper rituals.

What were some defining features of Beothuk culture?

The Beothuk painted themselves with red ochre.

Know Bering Strait Theory and Kennewick Man

The Bering Strait theory and The Kennewick Man and The Boat People are the two archeological theories that attempt to explain how the First Nation people got to North America. The Bering Strait theory came from Siberia, and it states that people followed large land animals that moved across the strait.

What are the largest group of the Western Subarctic?

The Chipweyan were (still are) the largest, and most widespread of the Western Subarctic

What was the Cree role in the fur trade?

The Cree's traded with HBC (middlemen). Tipis were made of Caribou or moose hide, women assembled and disassembled these shelters they also used birchbark canoes to travel the river systems and cross lakes.

Who are the Wyandot?

The Huron, Petun and Neutral

What is the difference between the Montagnias political structure?

The Montagnias have a headman appointed and obeyed based on his ability as a hunter, warrior and diplomat. Sometimes position was passed from father to son but only with the approval pf the rest of the group.

Why did the Naskapi participate less in the fur trade?

The Naskapi participated less in the fur trade because the Caribous kept them out of the fur trade longer than other First Nations group.

What 2 things common to the Ojibwa were also common to other Algonquain speaking people?

The Windigo and Little people (Ma-ma-qui-sha-wok) both of these were common to Ojibwa and Algonquain speakers.

What were some differences between the Cree and the Ojibwa?

The differences between Cree and Ojibwa is that Cree had no clans and Ojibwas had clans. Cree people moved a lot more than the Ojibwa's. Cree's territory did not have an abundance *good things* of game like the Ojibwa's did.

What was the message of Handsome Lake?

The good message condemned alcohol, witchcraft, adultery, abortion while it promoted traditional songs, dances, prayers.

What language family do people of the Eastern Subarctic belong too?

The language for Eastern Subarctic people belong to Algonquian

Serpent and marching bear mounds

The marching bears group of lowa, thirteen individual effigy mounds were built along an arc, nearly symmetrically spaced around an east-west line and serpents, they were to honor their ancestors. Serpent mounds represent a renewal of life because a snake sheds its skin every spring.

Who are the people and where is their traditional territory?

The people are (Cree, Innu, Montagnals & Naskapi), Ojibwa, Attikamek and Beothuk) and their traditional territory Northern Quebec, parts of Labrador, Northern Ontario to Manitoba.

Role of the trickster in stories

The role of the trickster teaches by negative example, these stories are told to show how not to behave, they teach eternal truths about human virtues and vices (greed, love, hate, anger) the trickster wonders the world looking for mischief, Tricksters address "taboo" behavior directly greed, sex, etc. through his antics.

What is the traditional territory of the Ojibwa?

The traditional territory women stayed in camp; men left to hunt or to do battle. Women only left camp for feast or to marry someone from another village.

What is the difference between a Cree Microband and a Cree Macroband?

There can be more than one camp in the region exploited by each macroband, which moves from one area to another in order to exploit seasonal food resources. At some times of the year, the macroband splits into microbands

How many people speak Abenaki in Canada?

Today, total 1200 Maliseet speakers in Canada and approximately 300 more in the US. In 1612, estimated population was less than 1000.

What was the circumstance the Tuscarora join in the confederacy?

Tuscarora sent in all direction, some sold into slavery, 400 killed and 129 went north to Six Nations.

How big a group were the Seneca?

Were the 2nd largest Iroquois in the 1600's

In what 3 ways in the Eastern Subarctic cultural area different from the Western Subarctic?

Western: short winters, lakes swamps and western people all speak Athapaskan languages (except Cree who moved into area only a few centuries ago) Eastern: Much more period of contact with Europeans than the Western.

What is a Clovis Point? What does it tell us?

a spear point found in New Mexico has been dated to 11,600 to 10,200 years ago. Clovis points are found from Alaska in the north to Tierra Del Fuego at the Northern tip of South America & from BC to Nova Scotia in Canada.

What does the Dene word mean?

means "man person/ people or Indian"

Where did they go after dispersal? (Wendat)

moved to Kansas then to Oklahoma.

What are 2 broad language groups of the Eastern Woodlands?

of the Eastern Woodlands are The Algonquian and The Iroquoian.

What type of the dwelling did they have? (ojibwa)

shaking lodges* where men were the audience once a shaman had attracted spirits. (Fasted to induce visions)

Who were the Storytellers

the "Old People" - Elders.