Industrial Revolution

What Italian inventor invented the radio?

Guglielmo Marconi

What did the middle class gain?

Increasing social influence and political power

Define capital.

Money or wealth capable of being invested to make more money

Did people follow Marx's call for the end of capitalism?

No, by the 1990s, nearly every nation had incorporated elements of free-market capitalism

What was the greatest revolution in transportation during the Industrial Revolution?

Steam locomotive or train

What were some advances in transportation during the Industrial Revolution?

Turnpikes which were private roads that charged a fee to people who used them; canals that linked rivers or coastal ports to inland towns; steamboats and railroads, both of which were powered by steam engines

Which country became the world leader in industrial power?

United States

Define entrepreneur.

business owner; one who manages or assumes the risk of a business

What is the economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production?

capitalism

Define cartel.

company or group that controls a field of business

Define monopoly.

company or group that has control of a commodity or service in a particular market

What is a business in which shares of the company are sold to stockholders or investors who each own part of the company?

corporation

What did the production of new machines do for people?

decreased the amount of time it took to produce cloth; increase the amount of cloth a person could oroduce

What became symbols of newly renovated cities?

skyscrapers and steel structures

When did women in most of Europe and the US gain the right to vote?

After WW 1

Which came first, the Agricultural Revolution or the Industrial Revolution?

Agricultural

What American invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

Who was Charles Darwin?

British naturalist who wrote On the Origin of Species and argued that all forms of life evolved into their present state over millions of years. He explained this as "survival of the fittest."

What surgeon discovered how antiseptics prevented infection?

Dr Joseph Lister

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

Who was Henry Bessemer?

English inventor who developed a system of blowing air through molten pig iron to remove impurities, producing steel that was easier and cheaper to manufacture than iron-the Bessemer Process

Who insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals and founded the first school of nursing?

Florence Nightingale

Which country eventually replaced England as Europe's industrial giant?

Germany

Describe the chain reaction in the production of consumer goods that was brought by the Industrial Revolution?

Growth of population caused increase demand for consumer goods; invention of machines increased ability to produce larger quantity of goods more efficiently; because of large supply of goods, prices fell; with lower prices, more people/consumers wanted more goods; factory production increases to meet demand; prices fall; more people can afford product.

Why was England the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?

Had a large supply of natural resources such as coal; had an abundance of new technology; had social stability as well as a stable government; good economic conditions such as belief in laissez faire

How did Marx feel about capitalism?

He despised it and call for all working men of all countries to unite and rise up against it.

What American began using the assembly-line to mass-produce cars, making the US a leader in the automobile industry?

Henry Ford

What were some effects of enclosure?

Increased wool and grain output which earned landowner profit; small farmers were forced off their land which resulted in villages shrinking; people moved to towns where they looked for work.

Who was Alfred Nobel?

Invented dynamite, but was so upset by its use in war that he donated all of his proceeds to forming the Nobel Peace Prize

How did coal play a major role in the Industrial Revolution?

It was used to power steam engines which were a key source of power during the Industrial Revolution; and to produce iron which was needed to build machines and steam engines

Who received the first patent for the first automobile?

Karl Benz

Who was the German philosopher who believed that all the ills of society were brought about because of the gap between the rich and the poor or social classes? What did he write?

Karl Marx; The Communist Manifesto

Describe enclosure.

Landowners took over land formerly shared by peasant farmers. The landowners combined and fenced in these lands and implemented new farming techniques which produced more efficient, larger landholdings that earned more money and produced more crops and wool for the landowners.

Describe the working conditions in factories and mines.

Long work hours (12-6hrs) for 6 days a week; no safety features, health risks from breathing coal dust or lint; no job security if sick or injured; harsh supervisors

Who developed a vaccine against rabies and anthrax as well as discovered a process for killing disease-carrying microbes in milk?

Louis Pasteur

What did socialists believe?

Marx was a socialist. They believed the good of society was more important than the rights of the individual; condemned capitalism, profit, and competition which they believed created a gulf between the rich and the poor; governments should own any means of production which would benefit all people including factories, railroad, any large business, and farms

The new Middle Class came from where?

Merchants who invested their money in factories; inventors or skilled artisans who developed new technology, "rags to riches," poor who worked their way up the ladder

Where did the earliest factories have to be located in order to have a source of power?

Near a fast moving river or stream

In a capitalist system, are business and the means of production owned by the government?

No, they are privately owned and operated

Who invented the first airplane and where did they invent it?

Orville and Wilbur Wright in Kitty Hawk, NC

Did changes come slowly?

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the way of life changed slowly. Change came rapidly with the Industrial Revolution.

What were the reforms in education?

Reforms in education of children required basic education for all children

The countries that had fewer natural resources or capital industrialized more slowly. What were two exceptions to this?

Russia had the resources but social and political conditions slowed development; Japan had few resources but industrialized rapidly.

What American inventor developed the telegraph and a system by which to communicate over it?

Samuel Morse; Morse Code

How did enclosure aid the Industrial Revolution?

Small farmers whose land was taken over by enclosure were forced to move to cities where they became the workforce of the Industrial Revolution.

By the 1800s, what had replaced steam as the Great symbol of the Industrial Revolution?

Steel

What were multi-storied buildings which were divided into crowded apartments which had no running water?

Tenements

Why did the Agricultural Revolution cause an increase in population?

The Agricultural Revolution caused a large decline in the death rate as famine was reduced due to an increase in food production, women ate better so they were healthier and produced healthier babies, and better hygiene and sanitation decrease death from disease

What does the Agricultural Revolution contribute to today?

The Agricultural Revolution contributed to the rapid population growth that continues today.

How did the Industrial Revolution come about?

The Industrial Revolution came about as a result of the changes in farming brought about by the Second Agricultural Revolution.

How did Social Darwinism promote racism?

The belief that one racial group was superior to another

What is a free market?

The unregulated exchange of goods and services

Who invented the first useful electric light bulb?

Thomas Edison

T/F: With the bwhinning of the Industriak Revolution, the number if people who lived a rural way of life began to decline.

True

Who did factories prefer to hire?

Women as they were easier to manage than men and could be paid less than men for the same work; children as they could pay them even less than women, and they could fit in tight places behind/in machinery; orphans because they had no one to speak up for them

Did the middle class oppose efforts to improve working condition in factories?

Yes, as it took money from their families. Besides, they worked their way up, so could lower class workers.

What does the term "robber baron" mean?

a businessman who controls an industry and becomes wealthy at the expense of those beneath him

How did the invention of the light bulbs effect the Industrial Revolution?

allowed factories to work after dark, increasing production

What replaced steam as the source of power for the Industrial Revolution?

electricity

Who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution?

entrepreneurs who set the Revolution into motion and who owned the mines and factories

What is a place that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods?

factory

Who was John Wesley?

founder of the Methodist church and Sunday Schools. Because of the lack of hope and education in the slums/tenements, people were ripe for revolution. John Wesley encouraged his church members to go to slums on Sundays (only day off for factories) and spread the message of salvation as well as using the Bible to teach reading. This helped Chanel workers anger away from Revolution and towards social reform

How did the balance of economic and political power shift during the Industrial Revolution?

from agriculture to manufacturing

What did the Industrial Revolution affect?

how goods were made and how peoplenlived

How did industrialized countries begin to measure their success?

in their output of steel

What two new methods of production in factories increased production?

interchangeable parts and the assembly line

Why does coal work better than wood or charcoal in producing quality iron?

it burns hotter/generates more heat

What laws did Parliament pass?

laws that regulated child labor in mines and factories

What was the progression of power sources throughout history and into the Industrial Revolution?

man and animals; water; coal and steam; electricity

What was yellow fever or malaria traced to?

microbes carried by mosquitoes

The Industrial Revolution brought about rapid urbanization. Define urbanization.

movement of people to cities

What was the temperance movement?

movement to end the use and sell of alcoholic beverages as temperance leaders argued that drinking threatened family life

Were strikes and unions allowed?

no

What were some of the problems in crowded cities?

no sewage or sanitation system; diseases spread rapidly; smog or side pollution; over-crowding tenement living

John D Rockefeller-Andrew Carnegie-Joseph Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst-Cornelius Vanderbilt

oil-steel-newspapers-railroads

The Industrial Revolution led to...

people buying goods that in earlier times only the wealthy could afford

In what industry did the Industrial Revolution begin?

textile or cloth

What was the heart of the new Industrial city?

the factory

What is Social Darwinism?

the idea of "survival of the fittest" as applied to nations and businesses

What is urban renewal?

the refurbishing a city with updated infrastructure such as wider streets, sidewalks, lights, sewers, etc

What is women's suffrage?

the right of women to vote

Hospitals were considered dangerous places so...

the wealthy and the middle class people insisted on treatment in their own homes as being admitted to a hospital was often a death sentence

What did technological and economic advantages lead to?

the western powers came to dominate the world both economically and politically

What did people begin to do when they realized germs caused disease?

they began to bathe and change clothes more often

What did steamboats reduce?

travel time from over 2 months to 17 days. Improvements would later reduce it to just over a week.

What happened with protesters?

tried to change harsh working conditions, but were met with repression

What is a group of people who band together to bargain for better pay and working conditions in their particular job or field?

union

Did urban renewals help urban life?

urban life remained harsh for the poor

Much-needed changes came to working conditions because of what?

working class men gaining the right to vote which gave them political power to make changes; labor unions eventually win the right to bargain with employers for betters wages, hours, and working conditions

Did Adam Smith believe that a free market would come to help everyone, not just rich?

yes