Infant & Child Development Final

Which most accurately describes cultural views around friendships?

Western cultures emphasize autonomy and view friendships as important to a child's self-worth.

Children who have experienced repeated maltreatment

are highly sensitive to signs of distress in others.

_______ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation.

Emotion vignettes

Individuals with younger siblings are more likely to lie (O'Connor & Evans, 2018). What does this mean in terms of social-cognitive development?

Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance.

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to

are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

The criteria for an ADHD diagnosis

are listed in the DSM-5 manual. include interference in social relationships and schoolwork. include presence of symptoms prior to 12 years of age. include presence of symptoms in multiple settings.

When Bridgette was three years old, she could count to 10 with a little help, and name some basic colors. Now at 5 years of age, she can count to 100, knows all the colors of the rainbow, and can recite the entire alphabet. Bridgette has expanded her _______ intelligence.

crystallized

As children age, the _______ component of their autobiographical memory shows large gains in development.

episodic

A common gender stereotype that children are exposed to in the media is

males playing the main characters in children's programming.

Participation in formal and informal sports and other physical activity has benefits that include all of the following except

weight gain.

As an infant, Sarah began to hold her head up before she was able to balance her torso. Developing the ability to hold her head up before developing the ability to balance her torso is a demonstration of what principle of growth?

Cephalocaudal development

Which statement is consistent with findings about gender differences in motor skills?

Girls are likely to be better at sports requiring balance and agility than boys.

Which is the best response towards young children who may be picky eaters?

Provide ample access to a variety of foods—without pressure—and encourage healthy eating.

Which statement best reflects accurate information about children's sleep during middle childhood?

The "optimal" amount of sleep appears to differ across cultures. How Much Sleep do Children Need?Learning Objective: 11.12 Describe approaches and challenges to measuring children's sleep needs.

Although Yumi was born in America, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual Asian Festival and making delicious Japanese delicacies during traditional holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in Japan. According to Diane Hughes, these experiences would be an example of

cultural socialization.

Theory of Mind refers to which of the following?

Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts

The parenting style most often linked with positive child development is

authoritative.

When Jamal came home with a C- grade on his first science test, his parents noted the importance of the fact that he had studied hard and put a lot of efforts at tackling a difficult subject. As a result, Jamal is likely to

be motivated to study hard for the next exam.

Sierra's grandparents buy her a new bike for her birthday. The bike is not what Sierra wanted but she sees that the gift makes her grandparents so happy that she smiles and thanks them for the gift. Researchers would point out that Sierra's positive behaviors in response to the gift illustrates her understanding of

display rules.

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

distress tolerance

Children are not fully accepting of peers who engage in "other-gender behaviors"

during all phases of childhood, although they are more flexible in thinking as they get older.

Jose must learn 10 new vocabulary words before he is allowed to play with his new computer game. The extent to which Jose can focus on his studying and not be distracted by thinking of the new computer game would be an indication of his

effortful control.

A child is being teased on the playground for her clothing choice. Instead of getting upset with those teasing her, she decides to think about how pleased she is to wear the new outfit she saw on a popular social media star, whatever others say. This emotional regulation strategy is an example of

emotion-centered coping.

Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to

engage in more masculine play based behavior.

Una believes that her son is gifted because of genetics, and that even without trying, he will be smart and talented because of the abilities he inherited from his parents. Una's perspective of intelligence best reflects

entity theory of intelligence.

_______ memory is defined as the personal events that you remember, whereas _______ memory consists of memories related to general knowledge.

episodic; semantic

Emotional self-efficacy is the

feeling of control over one's emotions and ability to express them appropriately.

6-year-olds Rick and Cathy were introduced to a computer game where they scored points for matching objects that were similar in shape and color and moving them to specific locations on a chessboard. While Cathy initially struggled with how to play the game, Rick was quick to understand and implement the game rules and scored a lot of points. Compared to Cathy, Rick most likely has higher _______ intelligence.

fluid

In the beginning of middle childhood (girls physical development vs boys)

girls weigh less and are slightly shorter than boys.

The combination of early behavior problems and _______ appear to be especially detrimental to long-term outcomes.

peer rejection

Children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as

pragmatics.

The negative impact of poverty on brain development includes

reduced gray matter and white matter.

Roger is learning to complete word-based math problems. To successfully complete them, Roger must decide which pieces of information are relevant, and which are not. This would require him to employ

selective attention.

Stable posture affects all of the following except

the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects.

At a young age, children begin to show the ability to differentiate between positive and negative emotions, showing an understanding of emotional

valence.

Kendra is beginning to display evidence of prospective control. This means that

when reaching for objects, she will adjust her hand to match the object's size before touching the object.

Although Nora tries hard to pay attention in class, she has difficulty remembering all the instructions her teacher gave them for their new science project. Nora might have limited

working memory.

Gerald was excited to show his mom the ceramic cup he had painted that day in class, but when he opened his backpack, he discovered it had broken in half! His mother responded, "I know you are upset, but with a little glue, we can mend it and you will feel better." His mother's response would be an example of a(n)

emotional coaching.

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension

fear and inhibition.

Gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. This would be an example of

gendered parenting.

Yumi was shown a drawing of a bicycle. After habituating to this first image, she was then presented with a second picture of the same bicycle behind a gate, with its front wheel being blocked. Yumi's recognition of the partially perceived bicycle as being identical to the whole image is an indication of the Gestalt concept of

good continuation. Perceiving Objects as "Whole"Learning Objective: 4.9 Explain evidence that supports the Gestalt principle that infants perceive objects as a whole.

As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects

growth in semantic networks.

Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament.

highly inhibited

From childhood through adolescence, there is a(n) _______ of white matter and a(n) _______ of gray matter.

increase; decrease

Brain scans of children living in poverty show differences in size and function compared to those growing up in homes with higher incomes. This is partially due to

increased stressful life events and higher likelihood of exposure to insensitive parenting.

Manuel noticed his daughter is showing a talent for critical thinking and writing, but believes that her skills in those areas can only improve with practice, so he is careful to provide her a good education, lots of reading materials, and engages her in critical discussion over the dinner table. Manuel's perspective of intelligence would reflect a(n)

incremental theory of intelligence.

One explanation advanced for the "attractiveness effect" in infants is that

infants prefer "attractive" faces as they resemble the "prototype" face that would result from averaging many faces.

Analysis of child-parent attachment relationships across 165 studies showed that _______ predicted internalizing and externalizing problems in children.

insecure attachment

A researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who had been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. The researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. Based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as

insecure avoidant.

A child who has difficulty with emotional regulation can often respond in unhealthy ways. Two key problem behaviors that result from low emotional regulation include

internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

In a study on infant depth cue perception, researchers found that older infants could judge the distances of objects using only one eye, but that younger infants needed both eyes to do so. Older infants are therefore able to rely on _______ cues to gauge distance whereas younger infants need to still rely on _______ cues.

monocular; binocular

Children tend to have better control over their fine motor skills as evidenced by their handwriting and detail in drawings. Developments in such abilities are often seen in children around age

8 years.

Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes?

A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family Subhead: Family Context of Gender DevelopmentLearning Objective: 10.15 Describe behaviors in parents that shape children's gender development

A sleep problem in which children experience frequent bed wetting is known as

nocturnal enuresis.

Piaget's research into the moral development of young children led him to conclude that a major distinction between younger and older children's understanding of moral behavior was that

older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression.

Which best describes a child's understanding of ethnic and racial identity in middle childhood?

Children understand that their ethnic and racial identities are stable, and will always remain with them.

Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind?

Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

Which would be expected of brain connectivity in middle childhood?

Connections become more complex

Which structure in the brain facilitates coordination between two sides of the body?

Corpus callosum

Why might children from different cultural communities differ in executive functioning skills and abilities?

Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.

Juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. Which coping intervention would be most effective for Juan?

Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others.

Studies show that animals and children alike that are raised in stimulating environments differ in the development of synaptic connections compared to those in impoverished circumstances. What does this suggest about the role of the home environment

Exposure to enriched experiences such as music education and sensitive caregiving may lead to complex synaptic connections.

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?

It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.

Which school activities fosters children's reasoning about the motives, beliefs, and emotions of people?

Literary activities School Context of Social-Cognitive Development.Learning Objective: 9.16 Explain aspects of the school context that support children's social-cognitive development.

Some of the advances in middle childhood friendships include

an emphasis on unobservable qualities such as loyalty.

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the

arms.

The most common serious chronic disease is

asthma.

After being read the story of the Heinz Dilemma, Karen was asked whether Heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to steal the drug for his wife. Karen responded, "Yes, Heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." Karen's response best reflects a _______ of moral reasoning

conventional level Cognitive Developmental View: Piaget and KohlbergLearning Objective: 10.20 Compare and contrast Piaget's and Kohlberg's characterization of children's development of moral reasoning.

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of

correlational studies of children in various home environments. Experience-Dependent PlasticityLearning Objective: 2.16 Explain the type of experiences that may shape the brain development of individual children in line with experience-dependent plasticity.

An evolutionary argument for how the adaptive response to maternal stress may aid a fetus to survive postnatally includes the idea that

prenatal exposure to cortisol can affect infant negativity and later aggression which may help children compete for resources and cope with a hostile and threatening world. Maternal Psychological FunctioningLearning Objective: 3.9 Recognize the ways that maternal depression and stress may affect the developing fetus.

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions.

Ophelia is studying for her spelling test and is repeatedly spelling out loud the words to herself. This studying method would be an example of

rehearsal.

In Henry's neighborhood, corporal punishment is an accepted, normative practice for controlling unwanted behavior. As a result, it is likely that Henry may do all the following except

reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice.

Two types of rejected children according to sociometric measures are

rejected-withdrawn and rejected-aggressive. Peer Acceptance and RejectionLearning Objective: 13.20 Explain ways that researchers measure peer acceptance and rejection, and describe the statuses that emerge from these assessments.

Brittany didn't want Alice joining in her favorite game of tag, so she told all her friends that Alice wasn't a good runner, and shouldn't be allowed in the group. Brittany's behavior would be a good example of

relational aggression.

Research in brain growth and functioning has led to greater understanding of why some children are _______, while others suffer great harm under adverse environmental conditions.

resilient

Research examining fathers' role in attachment development in young children have found that

sensitive parenting in fathers is associated with the development of secure attachment in children.

Eleven-year-old Liam is sad that his friend is moving away but understands why his friend is excited since he will move closer to his grandparents and many cousins. This provides evidence of Liam's

skills at theory of mind.

Hector proudly shows off his binder of baseball cards to his friends at school. The cards are organized based on a player's team affiliation, base percentage, and finally home runs. Hector has organized his cards using

taxonomic categories.

Knowledge about gender stereotypes becomes stronger and more automatic in middle childhood compared to early childhood. This finding is confirmed through the use of

the implicit association test.

Jane is concerned that her 12-year-old son is starting to experience leg pains. The doctor reassures Jane that this is common and is likely due to

the surge in muscle mass at this age.

Growing rates of obesity have been documented in

many countries around the world, including less-resourced countries.

Which might be an accurate statement around contextual risks to being overweight?

A family's eating choices are the largest contributing factor in a child's eating habits and risk for obesity.

Infants and young children require more sleep than older children, teenagers or adults. According to pediatric recommendations, how many hours of sleep is recommended for children younger than 6 years of age?

10-14 hours of sleep

Jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. What kind of memory has Jamal stored?

Episodic memory

A child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child?

He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness.

Which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias?

Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.

A parent teaches her 2-year old to count to 5 by herself, but the child does not understand the meaning of the numbers when counting. Does this mean the child has a possible developmental delay in understanding number concepts?

No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older.

Which might cause parents to communicate messages that prepare their children for bias and discrimination?

Parents' perceptions of teacher bias and unfair treatment of their children.

What factor contributes to children's improvements in phonology?

Practice talking and muscle coordination

Which has been a successful school-based intervention to promote good health and nutrition?

School breakfast programs

Children and adults differ in average heights and weights in cultural communities throughout the world over historical time. Which term refers to such changes over an extended time?

Secular changes

Twelve-year-old Shia rarely feels guilty when corrected for doing something wrong. What might this indicate about Shia's continued development?

Shia is at greater risk for antisocial behavior.

Why might it be difficult to convince some families that having an overweight child negatively impacts their child's health?

Some cultures believe that having a thin child is a sign of poverty, but an overweight child indicates having the resources to feed the child well.

Which is a potential consequence of bullying through social media?

The consequences are more widespread and difficult to stop than "live" incidences of bullying or teasing.

In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr. Berko created which test?

The wug test

Jaylene has chronic asthma that has caused her and her family numerous trips to the hospital over many years. Jaylene's family has good health insurance, and she is receiving excellent care for her frequent medical needs. Are there still concerns her family should have?

Yes, stressors associated with chronic childhood disease can cause academic, emotional, and social difficulties

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?

Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.

Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development?

Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.

Paul wants to be a financial advisor rather than a nurse like his father because Paul believes financial advisors are more powerful. Paul's view best reflects

a middle childhood understanding of status differences in gender-typical occupations.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized in children by

a small forehead, short nose, and thin upper lip.

Ophelia knows that spelling is not her best subject in school, but that constantly writing and re-writing the words makes her more confident about spelling them. Ophelia's awareness of her spelling limitations is an example of

metacognition.

Most research on peer acceptance/rejection in middle childhood is discovered through

child reports and peer assessments.

The causal connection between violent media and aggression remains unclear because

children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior.

An important parenting behavior associated with reduced risk of child problem behaviors is

monitoring.

Which statement about children's development of pride is most accurate?

Authentic pride reinforces and motivates future positive behaviors.

As caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunities to develop many skills. However, not all reading interactions are similar. Which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading?

Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage.

Children in middle childhood who experience success at their initiatives, rather than failure, are likely to feel positive and motivated to try new things. This is in line with _______ theory.

Erikson's

Which statement provides evidence of gender differences in brain development?

Gray matter in the parietal lobe and basal ganglia peak earlier in females than males.

As children physically develop, they gain greater control over their bodies. Which type of skills relies primarily on large muscle groups in arms, legs and torso?

Gross motor skills

According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements?

Growing skills in executive functioning Subhead: Explaining Development in Children's Theory of MindLearning Objective: 9.13 Identify three factors that might explain why a young child's theory of mind changes over time.

Which of the following examples would support Myrtle McGraw's conclusion of how early environmental experiences contribute to infant motor development?

Lucy's swimming lessons as a young child would likely result in her experiencing greater coordination in such skills throughout her life.

Mrs. Serio enrolled her son in a mathlete competition at their local elementary school. Her daughter wanted to participate as well, but Mrs. Serio placed her in the reading Olympics instead, saying this would be a better fit for her. What might help explain Mrs. Serio's decision?

Many parents have stereotypes leading to over-estimating boys' math skills and underestimating girls' math skills. Family Context and Gender Self-IdentityLearning Objective: 13.14 Discuss some of the gendered messages that parents convey to children through their attitudes.

A child is upset because she wants to go to sleep but the sun won't "turn off" because the time is 8:30 and that is her bedtime. How would Piaget explain this thought process?

Precausal thinking

_______ is an emotion that is praised in many European-American communities but discouraged in some Asian communities.

Pride

Which explains why sleep problems in early childhood may be connected to childhood obesity?

Sleep problems interfere with activity levels during waking hours. Parents who are lax about their children's sleeping habits may also tend to be lax about eating or activity habits. Sleep problems interfere with hormones related to growth, maturation, and energy homeostasis, which affect eating habits. Sleep problems interfere with caloric levels during waking hours.

Lisa had always been told she was very smart in areas related to reading skills and reading comprehension, and she labels herself as innately smart. She had little difficulty reading or understanding the books she was assigned to in class. However, when she moved from the third to the fourth grade, Lisa found the new reading assignments to be very challenging. As a result, Lisa is likely to

reduce her effort, interest, and investment in reading the challenging material.