Infant and Childhood Development: Final Exam
Which statement about joining community athletic teams is true?
For most children, it is associated with increased self-esteem and social skills.
Which statement about obesity rates is true?
In developing countries, obesity risk tends to be greater for higher-SES families.
Which conclusion is supported by research on aggression?
In early childhood, verbal aggression gradually replaces physical aggression.
Which statement about the judicial system and child maltreatment is true?
In the United States, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort.
Which statement about the causes of obesity is true?
Obese children's maladaptive eating habits result in greater responsiveness to external stimuli associated with food.
Which statement about gender identity and behavior is true?
School-age children of both sexes rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.
Which statement is supported by research on the role of knowledge in test bias?
The amount of time children spend in school predicts scores on measures of verbal intelligence.
Which statement about the consequences of sexual abuse is true?
Women who were sexually abused are likely to choose partners who abuse them and their children.
As children enter school and receive more feedback about how well they perform compared to their peers, self-esteem usually ________.
adjusts to a more realistic level
DeShawn's parents frequently interrupt him, ridicule his ideas, and withdraw their affection when DeShawn makes choices they disagree with. These tactics are typical of the ________ style of child rearing.
authoritarian
Piaget believed that the development of concrete operational thought reflects ________.
discontinuous restructuring of children's thinking
According to Sternberg, analytical intelligence includes ________.
executive function and cognitive self-regulation
Interventions with rejected children aim to help them attribute their peer difficulties to __________ causes.
internal, changeable
Four-year-old Cain watches an adult dress a boy doll in girl's clothing. Cain is likely to insist that the doll is ________.
now a girl
Between ages 6 and 12, children become more aware ________.
of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions
Which of the following statements about chronically ill children is true?
A strong link exists between good family functioning and child well being for chronically ill children
Which statement about ethnicity and self-esteem is true?
Among African-American children, more TV viewing is associated with lower self-esteem.
ch 13: Which statement about divorce is true?
Among developed nations, the United States has one of the highest divorce rates.
Which statement about parent-child relationships is true?
Both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex.
Which statement about gender and self-esteem is true?
By the end of middle childhood, girls feel less confident than boys about their physical appearance.
Which statement accurately reflects the change in self-description that typically occurs between ages 8 and 11?
Children organize their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.
Which statement about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) find it hard to ignore irrelevant information.
A study comparing the storytelling practices of Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan found that ________ parents were more likely to ________.
Chinese parents; tell stories about the child's misdeeds
The Flynn effect refers to the observation that ________.
IQs have increased steadily from one generation to the next
Which statement about the V-chip is true?
It is mandated in all new TV sets sold in the United States.
Which statement about children's understanding of health is true?
Maintaining health is seldom an important goal for most school-age children, who feel good most of the time.
Which statement about cultural differences in play is true?
Preference for solitary activities is associated with poor academic development in cultures that value interdependence over independence.
__________ was designed to downplay culture-dependent information, which is emphasized on only one of its factors.
The <i>Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V)</i>
Which statement is supported by research on group differences in IQ?
The IQ gap between middle- and low-SES children accounts for some of the ethnic differences in IQ.
Which statement about divorce and custody is true?
The divorce rate for second marriages is higher than for first marriages.
Which statement about trends in obesity is true?
The largest population weight gains in the past four decades have occurred in Canada, Mexico, England, and the United States.
Which statement about delayed school entry and school readiness is true?
There are few long-term academic or social benefits for delaying school entry.
Which statement about interventions designed to teach social problem solving is true?
They yield consistent gains in children's social competence.
Which statement about the effects of ethnic and political violence on children is true?
War-related consequences for children seem to be culturally universal, appearing in children of every war zone studied.
Programs like 4Rs (Reading, Writing, Respect, and Resolution) recognize that resilience is not __________ but rather __________.
a preexisting attribute; a capacity that develops
Four-year-old Rayna says, "I'm Rayna. I'm a girl. I can run fast. I like yellow." Her statements show that Rayna is beginning to develop ________.
a self-concept
The most effective treatment for enuresis is ________.
a urine alarm
Margaret is high in academic self-esteem and motivation. She probably credits her successes to
ability and effort
A child in the concrete operational stage will have the most trouble understanding ________.
abstract ideas
Research on child maltreatment shows that ________.
abuse depends more strongly on parental characteristics than on characteristics of the child
ch 11: A study of projected obesity rates for selected industrialized nations predicted higher adult rates of obesity ________
among all nations in the study, with rates in the United States higher than those of any other nation
Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence is comprised of which of the following three broad, interacting intelligences?
analytical, creative, and practical
In the sandbox, Amelia makes a pie while Franklin pours sand from one container into another. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaged in ________.
associative play
In two investigations, African-American children adopted into economically well-off European-American homes during the first year of life ________.
attained mean IQs of 110 and 117 by middle childhood
Fifteen percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to ________.
bedwetting during the night
After age 8, girls ________.
begin accumulating fat at a faster rate
When neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances, children may suffer from serious developmental problems such as epilepsy, which is characterized by ________.
brain seizures and loss of motor control
At age 6, Ofelia probably ________.
can print the alphabet and numbers 1 through 10 with reasonable clarity
Reading instruction based entirely on phonics training would likely ________.
cause children to lose sight of the goal of understanding written material
Preschoolers typically do not realize that ________.
characteristics associated with one's sex do not determine whether a person is male or female
During associative play, ________.
children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior
Research on friendships shows that __________.
children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably
Research on peer victimization shows that ________.
chronic victims tend to be passive when active behavior is expected
Miguel is bilingual. He sometimes speaks sentences in English that contain one or more Spanish words without violating the grammar of either language. Miguel engages in ________.
code switching
Ethnic minority parents without extensive education often prefer a(n) ________ style of communication when completing tasks with children; this style ________ the style of communication used in typical classrooms and academic tests.
collaborative; contrasts with
Parents typically give their sons toys that emphasize ________.
competition
Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires ________.
considerable effort and space in working memory
Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme during their preschool's dramatic play period. They are engaging in ________.
cooperative play
ch 10: Empathy ________ a sympathetic, prosocial behavior because ________.
does not always prompt; poor emotion regulators can be overwhelmed by their feelings when faced with someone in need
When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?
elaboration
Compared with past generations, children today spend less time ________.
engaged in informal outdoor play
Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she ________.
engages in functional play involving repetitive motor actions
Numerous child welfare and mental health organizations have publicly denounced recent U.S. separation and deportation practices based on ________.
evidence that children separated from their parents are at greatest risk for long-term maladjustment
Four-year-old Nancy, whose birth sex is female, strongly identifies as a boy and has experienced substantial distress related to gender identity. Nancy is experiencing ________.
gender dysphoria
Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that ________.
girls experience exclusion more often than boys and are especially likely to regard it as unjust
Research on gender typing collected in diverse countries demonstrates that teachers ________.
give more overall attention (both positive and negative) to boys than to girls
Current research indicates that Freud was correct in concluding that ________.
guilt is an important motivator of moral action
Based in part on research comparing Zinacanteco children with North American children of the same age, some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks are ________.
heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions
Chronic stress triggers ________, which in turn frequently induces a raging appetite and subsequent weight gain.
insulin resistance
Research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice is through ________.
intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups
Which statement about malocclusion is true?
it is a condition where the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly
Compared to the others, which school subject are children most likely to regard as being more appropriate for girls?
language arts
In a two-way language immersion program, ________.
language-minority students acquiring English and native English-speaking students are taught together
During middle childhood, the bones of the body ________.
lengthen and broaden
Children from economically advantaged homes are at their healthiest in ________.
middle childhood
In Enrique's fourth-grade class, the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels. Enrique's teacher is using ________ training to enhance children's ________.
mindfulness; executive function
The correspondence between the classmates children perceive as popular and those classified as popular based on peer preferences is ________, which suggests that children perceived as popular ________.
moderate; are not, and many children are more popular than they are perceived to be
According to social learning theory, ________.
moral behavior is acquired through modeling
Boys are ________ likely than girls to _________ to cyberbully another child.
more; distribute embarrassing photos or videos
Preschoolers' earliest descriptions of themselves are more likely to include accounts of their ________ than their ________.
physical appearance; psychological characteristics
Research indicates that the best way to reduce bullying is to ________.
promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors in youth environments
Reciprocal teaching focuses on which four cognitive strategies?
questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting
Adam and Philip occasionally wrestle, roll, hit, and run after one another, alternating roles while smiling and laughing. Adam and Philip are engaged in __________ play.
rough-and-tumble
Compared to the others, which school subject are children most likely to regard as being more appropriate for boys?
science
Gary, who is extremely active and impulsive, is difficult for his parents to control. His parents, in turn, are emotionally negative toward Gary and tend to use harsh, inconsistent discipline. As a result of this pattern of interaction, Gary is likely to ________.
see hostile intent where it does not exist
Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood ________.
separate the language systems early and attain language milestones according to a typical timetable
Heather is lining up crayons in order from shortest to longest. This skill represents her understanding of ________.
seriation
During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs ________.
strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated
During middle childhood, self-esteem ________.
takes on a hierarchical structure
As a result of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) and its 2015 replacement, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), ________.
the curricular focus in public schools has narrowed, placing more emphasis on preparing students for achievement tests
Which factor plays the largest role in accounting for boys' superiority in gross-motor skills?
the social environment
By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations, which ________.
they combine into an overall psychological image of themselves
ch 12: Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to ________.
think about language as a system
Without effective teaching, children readily generalize their knowledge of familiar health conditions to less familiar ones. For example, they may ________.
understand risk factors for getting a cold but conclude that all diseases are contagious
The __________ factor on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is assumed to be less culturally biased than other factors because it ________.
visual-spatial processing; requires little specific information