Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
MDR-TB stands for ______-_______ tuberculosis
multidrug; resistant
_________ is a glycoprotein that is part of the influenza virion spikes and breaks down the protective mucous of the respiratory tract
neuraminidase
Influenza infections are hard to treat with antivirals because:
the antivirals must be taken early, often before signs/symptoms appear.
Incubation for influenza
1-4 days
Rhinitis often leads to acute otitis media because of the inflammation of the _____ tubes and buildup of the fluid in the _______ _______.
eustachian; middle ear
The signs and symptoms of influenza include:
fatigue, fever, headache, stuffy nose, dry cough, body aches, sore throat
Which viral agents are knwon to cause serious viral pneumonias as their primary disease?
hantavirus; SARS coronavirus
The spike found on the lipid envelope of influenza that contributes to red blood cell clumping is:
hemagglutinin
The signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include
high fever; sandpaper like skin rash
Over _______ different types of viruses cause the common cold.
200
Only 5% of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case
5%
Patients who are at risk for reactivated TB are treated with antibiotics for up to ____ ________.
9 months
Streptococcus pyogenes belongs to which group of streptococci?
A
First defense line of the respiratory system
Coughing, ciliated epithelium, mucus production, sneezing, nasal hair
The skin screen test for tuberculin hypersensitivity is known as the ______ test.
Mantoux
influenza A viruses are named according to their different types of ___ and ___ glycogen spikes.
H; N
Which disease are prevented by the DTaP vaccine?
Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
Organisms that have the potential to cause serious disease are often members of the microbial population in the upper respiratory tact, but may not actually cause disease in the host.
True
THe cough seen in pertussis is uncontrollable and presents with a distinct sound as the patient gaps for air between bouts. It can even lead to small hemorrhages in the eyes and brain.
True
The cell wall of M. tuberculosis
acid fast
The general type of staining procedure that is used to diagnose the tuberculosis bacterium based upon its cell wall structure is known as the _______ stain
acid-fast
One of the important functions of normal biota of the upper respiratory system is microbial _______ which reduces the possibility of pathogens establishing themselves there.
antagonism
Which of the following contributes to the high level or variability in the influenza virus?
antigenic shift/drift
Pharyngitis can be caused by:
bacterial infection, mechanical irritation, sinus drainage, viral infection
Viral pharyngitis will not show _____-hemolytic activity on blood agar
beta
Pertussis is caused by the bacterium _____ _________
bordetella pertussis
The recovery period from a disease when the numbers of the causative agent are decreasing and the symptoms have disappeared is called the _____ phase
convalescent
The area of hardened, redden tissue associated with a tuberculin test is called a(n) ______.
induration
THe specific lines of defense in the upper respiratory tract include _______ in the alveoli and tonsils and specific _____ antibodies in the mucus
macrophages; antibodies
Inflammation of the throat is also known as?
pharyngitis
Which of the following are fungal agents that are known to cause cases of pneumonia?
pneumocytis jiroveci, histoplasma capsulatum
Which of the following agents usually caused minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?
respiratory synctial virus
The most common group of viruses that cause rhinitis are _____.
rhinoviruses
Which of the following is the most noticeable symptom seen in the catarrhal stage of pertussis
runny nose
Major changes in the influenza A virus due to recombination of viral strains from 2 different host species are referred to as antigenic _______.
shift
Inflammation of any of the four pairs of air cavities in the cranial bones is also known as
sinusitis
Scarlet fever is only caused by ________ strains that are themselves infected with a lysogenic bacteriophage.
streptococcus pyogenes
S. pyogenes produces ______ whose action is to lyse red blood cells to release hemoglobin
streptolysin
The lower respiratory tract includes which of the following?
trachea, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles
The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a _____
tubercle
Which of the following is the most noticeable symptom seen in the paroxysmal stage of pertussis
uncontrollable cough
The ______ respiratory system contains large normal biota population
upper
The ________ respiratory tract normally contains a large population of commnesal microorganisims
upper
Primary infections of the upper respiratory tract are often caused by ____, which can predispose a patient to a secondary infection caused by _______.
viruses; bacteria