INQUIZITIVE Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Which of the following are characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD )?

Correct Answers: Hyperactivity Impulsivity Inattentiveness Restlessness Incorrect Answers: -Decreased need to socialize. -Obsession with details.

Which of the following are some of the biological causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Correct answer -genes that control glutamate, a neurotransmitter that causes increased neural firing in the brain. -family history of OCD Incorrect Answer(s) -larger caudate, a brain structure involved in suppressing impulses. -changes in monoamine levels

Which of the following are some physiological abnormalities exhibited by people with antisocial personality disorder?

Correct answers: -They do not feel fear or anxiety. -They do not become anxious in the presence of aversive stimuli. -They do not experience punishment as unpleasant

Which of the following are biological bases for autism spectrum disorder?

Correct answers: faulty wiring in brain areas associated with social interaction abnormal brain growth patterns inheriting genes for autism Incorrect abnormalities in basal ganglia abnormalities in frontal lobe regions

Match each way of assessing a patient's symptoms with its description. 1. psychological testing 2. interview 3. observations 4. self-report

1. The client performs actions, such as copying a picture, that require abilities such as planning, coordinating, or remembering. 2. The psychologist asks the patient about her symptoms and about recent experiences that may have caused distress. 3. The psychologist assesses the client's behavior, including degree of eye contact and behavior around others. 4. The patient fills out a questionnaire to identify symptoms and causes of distress.

Match each person's symptoms and circumstances with the disorder he or she may be at high risk for developing. 1. bipolar 1 2. social anxiety 3. depression 4. phobia 5. obsessive-compulsive disorder

1. When Joseph was young, his father would periodically exhibit extremely elevated moods and take Joseph on long, wild road trips. After returning home from these binges, his father was exhausted for extended periods of time. 2. As a child, Ellie, who displayed an inhibited personality, overreacted to new situations by crying. 3. Within a few years, Jane's oldest son, her father, and her husband died. 4. Billy stepped on a beehive and got stung all over; now when he hears buzzing sounds, his blood pressure increases and he sweats. 5. Sarah felt very anxious after shaking hands with someone who looked like he had a cold, but washing her hands made her feel better.

Match each term about psychological disorders with its meaning. 1. etiology 2. psychopathology 3. DSM 4. maladaptive

1. contributing factors 2. mind disorder 3. diagnostic statistical manual 4. interferes with one's ability to respond appropriately

Match the depressive and bipolar disorders with their descriptions: 1. Persistent Depressive Disorder 2. Major Depressive Disorder 3. Bipolar I 4. Bipolar II

1. mild or moderate depressed mood most days for at least two years 2. extremely depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities for two weeks, plus changes in weight or loss of sleep 3. extremely elevated moods (manic episodes) lasting at least one week 4. alternating between mildly elevated mood for at least four days and extremely depressed mood for two weeks

The criteria used to determine when someone's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors are disordered have limitations. Match the criteria with the examples of their limitations. 1. causes the individual personal distress 2. causes discomfort and concern to others 3. maladaptive 4. deviates from cultural norms

1.One may be distressed about having gained weight in middle age, but his weight gain is not a psychological disorder. 2. Failing to study for classes may cause one's parents concern, but it is not a psychological disorder. 3. Drinking alcohol may interfere with one's ability to respond appropriately, but it is not necessarily a psychological disorder. 4. An eccentrically dressed person putting on a puppet show would not be out of place in Times Square, but in a fancy mall it would be considered odd.

Identify the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Positive Symptom(s) disorganized speech delusions hallucinations disorganized behavior Negative Symptom(s) slowed speech slowed behavior unresponsive emotions

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about vaccines and autism.

Some parents believe that vaccinations increase the risk of autism. However, research has found no such connection. Although more children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder today than in the past, this is more likely due to greater awareness of the disorder, starting in the 1990s, than to increased vaccination rates.

Place in order the steps a psychologist must take to investigate and understand a disorder.

1. Determine the etiology of the disorder 2. Identify and assess the symptoms of the disorder 3. Group symptoms into meaningful categories to make a diagnosis 4. Identify possible treatments

Match each type of anxiety disorder with its description. 1. Agoraphobia 2. Social Anxiety Disorder 3. Panic Disorder 4. Specific Phobia 5. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1. Fear of being in a situation from which one cannot escape 2. Fear of being negatively evaluated by others in a social setting 3. Sudden attacks of overwhelming terror 4. Fear of something that is disproportionate to the threat 5. Nearly constant anxiety not associated with one specific thing

Match each dissociative disorder with its description. 1. Dissociative Amnesia 2. DissociativeIdentity Disorder 3. Dissociative Fugue

1. Memory loss of a block of time or event 2. Two or more distinct identities in one person 3. Loss of identity and traveling to a new location

Which of the following outcomes might we expect from an adult who was diagnosed with ADHD as a child?

Correct Answer(s): -He may struggle academically. -He may reach a lower-than-expected socioeconomic status. Incorrect Answer(s): -He is unlikely to overcome his tendency to be distracted. -He is likely to stay in one job for his entire adult life.

Which of the following factors may lead to the development of a dissociative disorder?

Correct Answer: Children develop DID to cope with abuse by pretending it is happening to someone else. Most people diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder are women who were severely abused as children. Someone with a dissociative disorder may have split off a traumatic event in order to protect his sense of self. Incorrect Answer: -Someone with a history of multiple types of traumas will develop a single "abused" personality to deal with the traumas.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an instance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

After Dylan's house was robbed while he was at home, he developed anxiety whenever he was in his house. His anxiety was a learned response due to -classical conditioning. He decided to check all the doors and window locks, and the -relief that followed reinforced his compulsive behavior through -operant conditioning, resulting in an increased probability that the checking behavior would be repeated in the future. Dylan's obsessive thoughts focused on feeling -unsafe in his home; his compulsive behavior of -checking the locks served to temporarily reduce the obsessive thinking.

Classify the descriptions as applying to either borderline personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder.

Borderline Personality Disorder 1. characterized by disturbances in identity, moods, and impulse control 2. involves a desperate need to be in an exclusive and dependent relationship 3. much more common in woman than in men Antisocial Personality Disorder 1. characterized by disregard for and violation of the rights of others 2. involves a willingness to take advantage of people for the sake of immediate gratification 3. much more common in men than in women

How can the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) be used to diagnose disorders?

Correct Answer(s) -A patient must meet specific criteria to be diagnosed. -It describes disorders in terms of observable symptoms. Incorrect Answer(s) -It lists comorbid conditions as unique disorders, distinct from each condition separately. -It uses the dimensional approach to diagnose disorders along a continuum.

Which of the following are factors associated with the development of anxiety disorders?

Correct Answer(s) -Anxiety has a biological basis. -Children who demonstrate an inhibited temperament are more likely to develop anxiety disorders later in life. -People who were characterized as inhibited when they were babies showed a greater amygdala response to novel faces when they were adults. -Anxiety can be taught through classical conditioning. Incorrect Answer(s) -People think negative thoughts about themselves, leading to deeper anxiety.

Identify the criteria psychologists use to determine whether or not a behavior is psychopathological.

Correct Answer(s) -The behavior is self-destructive, threatening, or causes personal distress. -The behavior is maladaptive. -The behavior causes discomfort and concern to others. -The behavior deviates from cultural norms. Incorrect Answer(s) -The behavior seems strange when taken out of context. -The behavior is indicative of a low point in everyday life.

Which of the following factors are linked to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Correct Answer(s) -abnormal activation in frontal lobe regions -genetic influence -reduced metabolism in brain regions involved with motor functions and attention -impaired connection between frontal lobe and limbic system Incorrect Answer(s) brain growth spurt before age 2

Which of the following factors predispose one to developing a psychological disorder, according to the diathesis-stress model?

Correct Answer(s) -childhood trauma -genetic predisposition -presence of stressful events Incorrect Answer(s) -culture that disapproves of strange behaviors -low self-control

Which of the following are characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

Correct Answer(s) A patient may exhibit impulsive behaviors like promiscuity, fighting, binge eating, self-mutilation, and attempted suicide. People with borderline personality disorder may be manipulative in relationships. Episodes of depression, anxiety, anger, or irritability can last from a few hours to a few days. Incorrect Answer(s) People with this disorder have no need for social connection and are only interested in what others can do for them. The disorder is found in about 10 percent of adults.

Which of the following are cognitive patterns associated with anxiety?

Correct Answer(s) Threatening events are recalled more easily than nonthreatening events, and excessive attention is focused on perceived threats. Ambiguous stimuli are interpreted as threatening. Incorrect Answer(s) Thoughts of worthlessness pervade one's conversations. A sudden shift in mood between high anxiety and deep depression is common.

Which of the following are elements of schizophrenia?

Correct Answer(s) disorganized speech or behavior hallucinations delusions Incorrect Answer(s) fluctuating emotions multiple personalities

How can psychological factors lead to the development of depression?

Correct Answer(s): -People who are experiencing many negative events believe they are powerless to avoid them, so they have no motivation to make positive changes. -People's negative thoughts about themselves, their situations, and the future influence each other and contribute to depression. -When someone's friends stop hanging out with her because she is a bummer, this may make her depression worse. Incorrect Answer(s): -The more social connections one has, regardless of closeness, the less prone she is to depression. -Operant conditioning reinforces feelings of depression.

Which of the following are characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder?

Correct Answer: -They may exhibit repetitive behavior that can at times be harmful. -They focus on trivial details rather than social aspects of their surroundings. -They do not make eye contact or use their eyes to direct others' attention. -They show severe impairments in both verbal and nonverbal communication. Incorrect Answer: -They show a lack of interest in playing. -They obsessively attempt to change the placement of things in their surroundings, such as furniture.

Which of the following factors may put a person at risk for developing borderline personality disorder?

Correct Answers: -Being raised by unavailable or unreliable caretakers. -Experiencing physical or sexual abuse. -Being raised by caregivers who encouraged dependence. -Observing extreme violence. Incorrect Answers: -Experiencing no physiological reaction to punishment.

Which of the following are characteristics of agoraphobia?

Correct Answers: -Someone with agoraphobia will deal with the problem by avoiding open or crowded spaces. -Someone with agoraphobia might fear being in a crowded shopping mall or subway. Incorrect Answers: -Panic attacks occur randomly and unpredictably, seemingly out of nowhere. -About half of those who suffer from agoraphobia do not experience panic attacks.

Which of the following factors play a role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Correct Answers: -Those with PTSD often have chronic tension, anxiety, and health problems. -People with certain genetic markers linked to serotonin may be more likely to develop PTSD. -The memory of a traumatic event for people with PTSD is "overconsolidated" so the person is always on the alert to experience a similar situation. Incorrect Answers: -People with PTSD block or ignore stimuli that remind them of traumatic events.

Many researchers are skeptical about the existence of dissociative identity disorder (DID). Which of the following findings support their skepticism?

Correct answers: -A diagnosis of DID often occurs after someone has been accused of committing a crime. -There was a sharp rise in reported cases of DID after the disorder first received popular attention. -People can sometimes come to believe what a therapist has told them. Incorrect -Different personalities have different patterns of brain activation. -Different personalities have periods of amnesia.

Which of the following are characteristics of psychopathy?

Correct answers: Psychopaths display characteristics such as grandiosity, uncaring emotional responses, and cunning or manipulativeness. -Many of the characteristics of psychopathy are similar to—but more extreme than—those of antisocial personality disorder (APD). -Psychopaths are often seen as charming and intelligent. Incorrect Psychopaths are likely to commit murder impulsively, such as when provoked or angry. -Psychopaths generally improve on their own around age 40.

Psychologists have varied explanations for the causes of diseases. Classify the explanations as applying to either the diathesis-stress model or the biopsychosocial model.

Diathesis-Stress Model: -Individuals may have an underlying predisposition to mental disorder, but this alone is not enough to cause the disorder. -Undergoing stressful circumstances may cause someone to develop a disorder if he is already vulnerable. Biopsychosocial Model: -Thoughts, emotions, personality, and learned experiences may contribute to developing a disorder. -Important factors contributing to disorders are brain function, neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetics. -Family relationships, socioeconomic status, and culture may influence how one develops a disorder.

Understanding mental disorders can be valuable in almost any area of psychological work. What particular type of psychologist might benefit from knowing how to help and interact with victims and perpetrators of crimes, who sometimes develop psychological disorders?

Forensic

Classify the descriptions as applying to either obsessive-compulsive personality disorder or OCD .

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Patient may feel compelled to eat the same food at precisely the same time and read the newspaper in a particular order. Characterized by excessive neatness and orderliness.Behavior is only viewed by the patient as problematic when it interferes with normal activities, such as traveling or maintaining relationships. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Patient may feel compelled to constantly wash his hands. Rituals often cause distress to the patient. Characterized by specific obsessions and compulsions.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the link between childhood temperament and adult anxiety disorder.

Temperament can affect a child's chances of developing an anxiety disorder later in life. The basis for this may be -biological. In one study, children categorized as -inhibited before age 2 showed, as adults, stronger activity in their -amygdala when viewing -unfamiliar faces.

Why does the presence of comorbidity in mental disorders make them more difficult to diagnose?

The clinician must assess the client for all possible conditions and decide what best fits that individual's symptoms.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about mental disorders in children.

The current DSM describes disorders that occur mostly in children as -neurodevelopmental disorders. Some symptoms are behaviors that would be normal in a -younger child, such as -bed-wetting, while other symptoms such as -hyperactivity, are not part of normal development at any age.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about correlated mental disorder

The occurrence of two or more disorders in the same patient is called comorbidity. Some pairings are more common than others. For instance, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder very often suffer from depression, as well, while it is comparatively rare for them also to suffer from schizophrenia. And patients with body dysmorphic disorder are more likely to have a social phobia than an autism spectrum disorder.

Identify the true and false statements about cultural and gender differences in depression.

True Statement(s) -The leading cause of death for women in -China and India is suicide. -Twice as many women as men suffer from depression. False Statement(s) -More men than women in developing countries commit suicide. -Developing countries have less stigma surrounding depression than developed countries do.

Identify the true and false statements about the prevalence of psychopathology.

True Statement(s) 1. About 1 in 4 Americans over age 18 has a psychological disorder in any given year. 2. About 1 in 2 Americans will develop a psychological disorder at some point in their lives. 3. The most common disorders are depression, anxiety, ADHD, and substance abuse disorder. False Statement(s) 1. Psychological disorders are second only to cancer and heart disease as a cause of disability in developed countries. 2. Depression is more common in men, whereas antisocial personality disorder is more common in women.

Identify the true and false statements about dissociative identity disorder.

True Statement(s): -Different parts of the brain light up for different personalities. -Diagnosis occurs when someone has difficulty accounting for her time. False Statement(s): -The multiple identities must be aware of each other. -Though separate identities have different personalities, they tend to speak the same language. -Though separate identities have different personalities, they tend to all be the same gender and have the same body type as the person with the disorder.