Integumentary System and Body Temperature Chapter 7 A&P
What are sudoriferous glands?
sweat glands
If you get hyperthermia what happens to your body?
syncope, cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
epidermis
the layer that lies upon the dermis and forms the outer layer of skin
full thickness burn
third degree burn
Are warts contagious?
yes. It's a contagious viral infection caused by one of the many human papillomaviruses (HPV)
You should check nails for what conditions?
Conditions that are affected by oxygenation of blood supply, trauma, and nutritional deficiencies
psoriasis
an autoimmune disease often confused with eczema. Affects the life cycle of skin cells, causing them to build up on the surface of the skin. The accumulation of skin cells form silvery scales and itchy painful red patches.
Papule
an elevated lesion that looks like a solid blister. IE. moles, lichen planus, insect bites, some skin cancers, and verruecae (wart)
What is cellulitis?
an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue and is most commonly caused by S. aureaus or strepococci
Vitiligo and albinism
are conditions of hypopigmentation in which the melanocutes fail to secrete melatonin
Hair ___ in epidermis?
arises
sqaumous cell carcinoma (SCC)
arises from squamous epithelial cells
A congenital nevus
birthmark
lentigo
brown to black flat lesions "liver spots" often seen in older persons (senile lentigo) spots may occur in sun exposed areas (solar lentigo)
Melatonin influences what?
color
acne vulgaris
common acne - is characterized by scaly red skin, comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) papules , nodules and pustules. Due to sebaceous ducts that are plugged by sebum and dead skin cells.
The study of skin and skin disorders is referred to as ____?
dermatology.
scabies
develops in response to a parasitic mite that seeks out skin creases or folds in which to deposit eggs.
Xeroderma
dry skin
dermatitis
general term for inflammation of the skin.
seborrheic dermatisis
greasy skin (skin oil, or sebum) white to yellow scaling on the face (forhead, side of nose) scalp, or genitals
What happens when the hypothalamus pressure decreases?
heat is conserved by :Blood vessels constrict, heat is trapped in deeper tissues. Sweat glands become less active. Skeletal muscles contract, causing shivering
What happens when the hypothalamus pressure increases?
heat is lost by : Blood vessels dilate, giving flushed appearance. Sweat glands become more active.
Nevi include
hemangiomas (strawberry mark, a vascular nevus
trichotillomania
impulse control disorder in which the person compulsively twists strands of hair until it breaks off
Pediculosis
infestation of lice. (head,body and pubic)
onychocryptosis
ingrown nail, usually on big toe. Caused often by improper cutting of the toenails or wearing tight shoes
melanocyte
is an epidermal cell that secrets melatonin, a pigment that darkens the skin.
Decubitus uler
is pressure - induced ulcer
basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
is the most common skin cancer and arises from the epidermal basal cells that fail to mature and keratinize
convection
loss of heat by air currents moving over the surface of the skin
Malignant melanoma
malignant neoplasm of the melanocytes. Has a tendancy to metastasize extensively is that most deadly form of skin cancer.
nonmelanomas
neoplasms that arise from epithelial tissue and most commonly occur on sun- exposed areas of the body.
evaporation
occurs when a liquid becomes a gas
The integumentary system
plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature.
keratosis or solar keratosis
premalignant form of squamous cell carcinoma
Yellow pigment : Carotene
presence of melanin overshadows carotene's tint in most people.
Thermogenesis
refers to the production of heat by physiological processes, as in shivering
melasma
related to hormone sensitivity occurs during pregnancy (mask of pregnancy) and can occur with use of oral contraceptives.
Dermatophytosis
ringworm - and infection by a group of fungi called dermatophytes and occurs primarily in the skin, hair and nails
paronychia
skin infection around the nail usually at the site of a hangnail or cuticle
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into the __ epidermis from the rich supply of the blood underlying _____?
Lower, dermis
Parts of the nail include :
Lunula, free edge, nail body and cuticle
Radiation
Means that heat is lost from a warm object (the body) to the cooler air surrounding the warm object
Shell temperature
The surface areas of the body
Dermis
The thick layer of skin under the epidermis. drugs may be administered using the skin
Layers of epidermis - Stratum corneum (surface layer)
Composed of dead flattened cells that slough off.
Chancre
"little ulcer" is the lesion that develops in response to infection by Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
cutaneous
"relating to the skin" which is compromised of two layers; the epidermis and the dermis
onychomyosis
"ringworm of the nail"
Melatonin
(Dark pigment) Secreted by melanocytes in the epidermis.
dermal melanocytosis
(mongolian spots) if congenital, they appear as a blue-gray pigmentation in the sacral area
The structure of the skins layers are
*Epidermis *Dermis *Subcutaneous *accessory structures
Name the drug delivery systems
*hypodermic injections *transdermal patches *intradermal injections (allergy testing) *topical application
Contact dermatisis
- allergic or irritant dermatitis
Vesicle
A Blister. a round lesion filed with serous fluid. They characterize herpes zoster (shingles) herpes simplex infection, and contact dermatitis
The integumentary System
A complex organ that performs many different functions.
What is a carbuncle?
A group of interconnecting furuncles
Bulla
A large Vesicle
pustle
A small pus-containing elevation of the skin that is seen in conditions such as acne and impetigo. A pimple is a small pustule
Name the Melatonin malfunctions?
Albinism, vitiligo, moles
Dendritic Cells do what?
Alert the immune system so that it can warn off infection.
Surdoriferous glands include
Apocrine glands :Usually associated with hair follicles, more active during purberty. Eccrine glands : critical for temp regulation. Mammary glands :secrete milk and Ceruminous glands : secrete ear wax (cerumen)
The epithelium is ___ it has no blood supply of it's own.
Avascular
Thermoregulation
Balance of heat production and heat loss
Skin color can effect physiological changes such as:
Blushing; blood vessel dilation, Pallor : Blood vessel constriction
How does skin play a role in sensory?
By housing the sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain and temperature. It helps detect information about the environment.
How does the skin act as a gland?
By synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Vit D is neccessary for the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.
Layers of the epidermis - germinativum (deeper)
Cells continuously dividing and moving toward surface.
Skin color can effect pathological changes such as :
Cyanosis or bluish tint : (poor oxygen) Jaundice or yellowing :billrubin deposition Bronzing : melatonin overproduction Ecchymosis : black and blue bruising
Specialized Cells that are housed by skin and participate in the immune response against invading microbes
Dendritic or Langerhan's cells
The ___ lies under and supports the epidermis, it sits on the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis and is embedded with accessory structures. Includes blood vessels that nourish epidermis
Dermis
The ____ is anchored to a subcutaneous layer.
Dermis
Accessory structures contain hair, what is it's function?
Detects insects, protects eyes, keeps dust out of the lungs. Cosmetic role
What is the outer or surfaces layer of the skin called?
Epidermis
The ___ is the thin outer layer of skin and is composed of ____ squamous epithelium.
Epidermis, Stratified
Neonates lose more heat than they produce because?
Large surface area, bald head, less insulation, must rely on non shivering thermogenesis; metabolism of brown adipose tissue (BAT). have a limited capacity to dissipate heat.
Partial thickness burn
First degree and second degree burn
The heat we produce is affected by what?
Food consumption, hormones, disease, and physical activity.
Hormones affect what?
Growth
The number 9 ( Assigned percentages for total body surface area)
Head and neck (9%) arms, hands and shoulders (18%) trunk of body (18%), legs (9% ) groin (1%)
The Subcutaneous is also known as the ___?
Hypodermis
Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation
Infections, allergic reations, and trauma can induce this.
The skin is called?
Integument or cutaneous membranes
Hypothalmamus
Internal thermostat- helps to regulate body temp
The subcutaneous layer
Is tissue beneath skin, highly vascularized, and has two main roles. It's fat insulates body from extreme temps. And it's connective tissue anchors the skin to the underlying structures.
How does the skin act as a mechanical barrier?
It keeps harmful substances out of the body and helps retain water and electrolytes.
How does the skin protect us?
It protects the internal structures and organs from injuries caused by blows, cuts, harsh chemicals, sunlight, burns and pathogenic microorganisms.
Name 3 functions of the skin.
Keeps harmful substances out of the body, helps maintain water and electrolytes, protects internal structures, and organs, synthesizes Vit D, houses sensory receptors for touch, plays role in body regulation of body temp.
Heat production
Metabolism :basis of body temp, blood disperses heat throughout the body.
ABCDs
Mole watch. Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter
Urticaria
Multiple hives. Usually an allergic response to medication, food, and insect venom
What produces the most heat?
Muscles, the liver and endocrine glands.
What are sebaceous glands functions?
Oil glands, and secrete sebum in fetus vernix caseosa
Accessory structures : Nails do what?
Protects tips of fingers and toes from injury
Heat loss occurs by what four means?
Radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation
Accessory structures : Glands include what?
Sebaceous glands, sudoriferous
What does the Integumentary System excrete?
Secretion is a minor role, but the skin is able to excrete water, salt and small amount of waste, such as urea.
Heat loss comes from what areas of the body?
Sites : Skin (80%) and lungs and excretory products
Which anatomical structures contribute to skin color?
Skin color is determined by the amount of melanin and carotene in the melanocytes of the epidural layer. Number of blood vessels in skin and substances in the blood.
If you get hypothermia what happens to your body?
Slowed metabolism, fibrillation
Mascule
a flat leasion, also called a blemish. freckles, flat moles (nevus), vitiligo, port-wine stains, the rash of measles and smallpox, some drug induced reactions and petechie.
Wheal
a hive.
How does the skin's surface act as a chemical barrier?
The acid PH of the skin surface serves as a protective chemical barrier.
What is the inner layer of the skin called?
The dermis.
Core temperature
The inner parts of the body
Conduction
The loss of heat from a warm body to a cooler object in contact with the warm body
Keratinization
The protein keratin makes skin cells hard, flat, and water resistant.
Skin color is determined by genes, physiology, and sometimes pathology?
True
Verrucae
Wart
Is the skin considered an organ?
Yes
impetigo
a bacterial infection that appears most often on the face and is cause by beta-hemolytic streptococci or staphylococci. has vesiculopustular leasion that itch and have thick honey colored crust.
hyperpigmentation
a condition wherein there is an abnormally high amount of pigment in the skin
Ulcer
a crater-like formed by the loss of the epidermis or dermis.
What is a furnucle?
a deep staphylococcal infection around a hair folicle
Nodule
a firm papure that extends into the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. Includes cysts, lipomas and fibromas
atopic dermatisis
also called eczema