Internal Structure of Cities

2nd ring of Concentric Zone Model

"zone of transition" where the city transitions from the CBD, factories, and warehouses to residential neighborhoods. At one point, the wealthy occupied portions of this zone, but started moving out as the city's population (and its pollution) increased. This homes in this area are in a state of disrepair, and occupied by the underclass. Aging mansions have been turned into multi-family apartments of varying quality and with low rents.

multiple nuclei model

ALSO based on Chicago - but takes into account car ownership as a popular means of transportation. Says that even tho a city may have begun with a CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city. This creates nodes/nuclei in other parts of the city besides CBD -> the name "multiple nuclei" model. The theory was formed based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership. This increase of movement allows for the specialization of regional centers (e.g. heavy industry, business parks, retail areas).

Effect of multiple nuclei on Industry:

As the nuclei develop, so do transportation hubs (bus stations, train stations, airports, etc.) that Industry can use to their economic advantage - so the industry also moves. Notice in this model there are two distinct industrial districts - light industry and wholesaling, which is still near the CBD (zone 2), and HEAVY industry (zone 6). Light industry is less polluting and more consumer oriented (i.e., manufacture of small). It requires less capital (money and machinery) than does heavy industry. Heavy industry (think steel plants, tires, oil refining, machinery, etc.).

Urban models are based on :

Based on land costs (bid-rent) - this will be the MOST IMPORTANT factor! Urban growth influenced by transportation infrastructure • Always a cost involved (money or time) History and time period • Who (factory owners, merchants and bankers, colonizers, etc.) were the driving force behind the city's growth? • What was the time frame? Cities that developed when walking was the most common mode of transportation look much different than cities built around freeways and cars.

(hoyt sector model) Effects of sectors on Industry:

In this model, industry (factories) is not centered around the CBD. Rail is the dominant form of transportation, and factories are located along freight lines (with few access points).

Impact of Galactic City on Industry:

Industry moved outside of the city, away from the CBD, leaving the the old industrial areas abondanded and in a state of decay. "brownfields" are land that was previously developed and requires additional cleanup, environmental assessments, and planning prior to being redeveloped

Low income housing is actually located closer to the CBD, where land is more expensive? Why?

It is higher density: apartments/multi-family homes have a higher housing density. apartments are much smaller than the typical single-family home. When you are poor, you have to get what you can afford at that moment ("it's expensive to be poor")- the small apartment that is more expensive per sq. ft than the large house out in the suburbs that is less expensive per square foot.

Deterioration:

New houses are desirable to live in, and will command a higher sale price or rent. but over time, the houses become aged, and their appearance and desirability will wane. The original residents, often young fams with children will move on to new housing, leaving their older housing behind. Typically, people of a lower socioeconomic grp move in to the older residences. For ex, homes in an initially upper class neighborhood may become occupied by middle class residents. A middle class neighborhood may transition into a working class neighborhood. or the homes in formerly wealthy areas may be sub-divided into multiple units and turned into apartments for underclass residents. Often, the houses will become renter occupied homes instead of owner-occupied homes. The populations become more mobile

(hoyt sector model) Effect of sectors on Residential Areas:

The Upper class (high class) housing is located along a street car or passenger rail line with many access points. The Working Class still live near the factories, while the middle class fill in the spaces between the wealthy and working class. The Under Class, though not shown on the diagram, are still in the old, deteriorating housing that the upper class and working class have moved out of that lies along the loud and disruptive rail lines (but not near the passenger stations, as that land is more desirable). The "zone of transition" is included in the factory/industry zone of this model.

The 2nd ring of houses on the bid rent curve = manufacturing (industry).

The land rents are lower than in the CBD, but near enough for quick access as needed to conduct business. This allows factories to be MOST profitable in this zone.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

The oldest model - based on Chicago in the early 1900s during its peak industrial period. The predominant mode of transportation during the era that this model was based on was walking and/or horse (or carriage). However, this period is also when Chicago was at it's industrial peak - the pollution and noise of the city were getting to be a bit much, so the wealthy quickly started moving out to the edge of town.

Austin Metro area

The oldest part of the city may best be analyzed using the Concentric Zone, while expanding out to include the development that initially occurred in the 1950s and 60s will certainly fit the sector model (yes, Austin used to have a streetcar network). Expansion of the city through the 70s, 80s, and 90s can best be analyzed using the multiple-nuclei model, and the most recent developments since 2000 fit the Galactic city model upon the completion of Austin's ring road(s).

Impact of Galactic City on residential areas:

The population is much more spread out in the Galactic City compared to older, more compact cities. While old cities have high access to public transportation (mass transit), galactic cities are dominated by the automobile and may have v little available in terms of public transportation. The edge cities are also fairly new construction and were likely greenfields just a few decades ago (greenfields are land that has not previously been used for industrial or residential purposes - they were undeveloped for ag lands).

Effect of muleiple nuclei on residential areas

The under class (low-class) still live near the industrial areas (zone 3, near industry in zones 2 and 6). The upper class lives in zone 5. The middle class (the largest economic class in a post-industrial society) fill out the rest of the model (zone 4).

So who can afford to buy houses?

The upper class. Certain government programs, such as the GI Bill, which included low-interest mortgages for veterans, made it possible to the middle class to also buy homes, leading to more middle class leaving the inner city and buying houses in the outer rings of the bid rent model.

The disamenity sector (in the latin american city model)

a zone that is outside of the control of the local city govt - it is instead run by crime bosses, gangs, or drug lords. This is a high crime zone with high unemployment (at least in the "formal" economy) and deteriorating buildings.

Baltimore and washington

are 2 seperate major urban areas. Each has their own ring roads. These cities are much more compact, however, and have a higher population density and better developed public transit systems than does the sprawling Houston metro area.

renters

are less likely to fix things that break or invest in improvements to the home such as new appliances, landscaping, etc

5th (last) ring of concentric zone model

commuter zone for those who can afford transportation into the city, but do not want to live in the zone of better residences (the commuter zone is where the "suburbs" begin). Houses can be built bigger for less money farther away from the city (this is a recurring theme of the suburbs is that you can get more house for your money as property values are lower). As cars become more and more affordable, the upper class move even further out and the middle class take over the commuter zone (the suburbs).

Socioeconomic status

describes an individual's or group's position within a hierarchical social structure. Socioeconomic status depends on a combination of variables, including occupation, education, income, wealth, and place of residence. Examinations of socioeconomic status often reveal inequality in access to resources, plus issues related to privilege, power, and control.

Galactic City Model

developed by Chauncey Harris, the same "Harris" of the Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model as the US and Canada continued in their economic development into the 2000s.

"Galactic Cities"

developed on the urban landscape as a result of rapid suburbanization in the latter half of the 20th century. This suburbanization contributed to a decentralization of the city's economic base and political administration as the multiple nuclei developed around the new/improved transportation infrastructure. As the pop moved out to the suburbs, so did the retail establishments, which contributed to additional growth as services attract ppl. Smaller CBDs developed around the city, each with increasing levels of specialization (medical centers, business centers, etc.).

places that lack infrastructure are

disconnected from the city, vene tho they may be in close proximity, such as in the poverty-stricken neighborhoods of the inner city.

Hoyt sector model

drawn by land economist named homer hoyt. He used the concentric zone model as his base (based on Chicago), but added in the influence of railroads and streetcars. Location and access to the transportation corridors are the primary drivers of this city form.

European imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa was for

economic purposes only. (there was no mass migration of Europeans to the Sub- Saharan African colonies unlike movement to the earlier colonies of the Americas which lead to a global distribution of European cultures).

no city

fits ONLY one model, and no model fits ONLY one city. Most models will work to varying degrees in just about any large city, and there are multiple cities that can fit the model. For example - the development of the Austin Metro Area can be analyzed using ALL of the North American models, as the legacy of past time periods are still evident on the cultural landscape.

Environmental impact of the galactic city

galactic cities are associated with urban sprawl, & urban sprawl has an environmental impact. More buildings, roads, and paved parking lots increase the amount of impermeable surfaces in an area, which contribute to excess water runoff from precipitation, which can increase the risk of flooding (San Marcos, Austin, & Houston have all experienced this impact in recent years).

Infrastructure

guides urban growth - large concentrations of people will not congregate where they are not connected via roads or other infrastructure. Cities and infrastructure follow the line, "if you build it, they will come" - if you build a road, businesses and houses will be built along it. Therefore, infrastructure development helps to guide the shape and size of urban areas. Cities built around subways, buses, and other public transport will be much more compact than those built around freeways and family cars.

Latin america model

has spine and lot of squatter settlements (on periphery) The "zone of in Situ Accretion" means a zone in transition - the area between the zone of maturity (the old city) and the slum of the periphery - the homes are of modest qualities that vary widely in size, type, and quality of materials.

Urban models are used to

help geographers analyze the internal structure of cities - like all models, they are simplifications and NOT a true version of reality.

The working class

hold jobs that do not require a college degree, typically referred to as "blue collar" or "pink collar" jobs. "Blue Collar" jobs are typically classified as involving manual labor and compensation by an hourly wage. Some fields that fall into this category include construction, manufacturing, maintenance, & mining. "Pink collar" jobs refer to office support, hospitality, or care-oriented jobs that have historically been predominantly held by women that do not require a college degree, but are not manual labor. Those in the working class may lack financial security. They may have little extra spending money left over after paying their bills. Working class homes are often multi- fam in structure (apartments).

concentric zone model

houses get bigger with distance from the CBD, but remember, that the price of the house is significantly less the farther away because of the bid-rent decrease. A nice, large multi-bedroom house with a yard out in the suburbs often costs less than a small 1-2 bedroom apartment (or condo) in the city. Where land is expensive, developers build UP (high rises), and population density increases.

lack of infrastructure oppurtinity

is seen as a failure by city planners who work to improve the conditions of the city.

The Under Class:

live in poverty. They may sometimes be referred to as the "lower class", "poor class" or "economically disadvantaged class". Those in the middle class may unemployed (no job) or under-employed (have some employment, but don't make enough money to pay the bills). The underclass live in the least desirable areas with the lowest rents.

retail and higher order services are going to be most profitable when

near the CBD, so the managers of those businesses are willing to pay the highest rents to locate near it. Manufacturing and residential do not have the profit margin needed to pay those high rents.

The Middle Class:

professional and business workers and their families. This class is sometimes split into "upper middle", "middle", and "lower middle". Members of this group tend to have "white collar" jobs - jobs that require a business attire (lawyers, academics, finance, human resources, marketing, business management, etc.). White-collar work may be performed in an office or other administrative setting. Middle class homes typically have one bedroom for each occupant. Those in the middle class tend to have at least some edu past high school (post-secondary). The Middle Class have some financial security (savings for emergencies and retirement) and a disposable income (income left over after taxes and mandatory payments (bills) have been made. They can spend or save this money as they wish.

poverty-stricken areas in cities

slums in MDCs and Squatter settlements in LDCs and NICs.

Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model

suitable for large, expanding cities. The # of nuclei around which the city expands depends upon situational as well as historical factors.

residential land use

tends to be lower density than manufacturing or retail, is most "profitable" (or affordable) removed from the CBD.

Gentrification:

the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste. Middle class residents begin moving into decaying working class or underclass neighborhoods and fixing up the properties, which leads to increased property values. These increased property values in turn increase the amount of $ landlords can charge for rent and also the taxes owed on the property (which are set based on the market value of the property - what the home could be sold for). The increased rent and/or taxes tend to push lower-income people out of the houses. More houses are sold and purchased by more affluent people, and eventually the neighborhood's value (and character) have changed.

3rd Ring of the Concentric Zone Model - working class

the working class live here. They live in high-density tenements (small apartments for factory workers) often owned by the factory. They are close enough to work for ease of transportation (on foot), but slightly removed from the pollution of the factories. This zone will eventually come to be referred to as the "inner city" as it is the ring of residences closest to the city center. As this zone grew older and older, the working class moved out to the next ring and the under class and new-arrival immigrants moved in to the now old high-density housing.

an interesting component that is often overlooked by city planners in their efforts to improve quality of life -

these areas have their own communal support systems that have evolved over many years based on their local networks. These neighborhoods have very distinctive character and culture of their own, and efforts to improve quality of life often disrupts these patterns.

The east coast cities - more compact

they were built before the automobile era and are based around public transport. Many of these cities have seen significant suburban growth since the interstate highway system was built and the US entered the "automobile" era. However, they are still significantly smaller in terms of total land area and sprawl than are cities in the south and west of the US, which were built up AFTER the freeways and based on private ownership of cars. Many people in New York City; Washington, DC; and Boston do not own cars. They use public transportation to get everywhere they want to go. Meanwhile, in cities like Houston, Phoenix, Dallas, Austin, Los Angeles, and San Antonio a person without a car is extremely limited in their mobility bc the cities are spread out over so much land area.

Initial development:

this is when the land was first "built up", or converted from open space or agricultural use to having buildings and infrastructure built on them. Land is considered "improved" when it has electric, water, and telecommunications lines connected. The original developers of the land coordinate with the local government to build this infrastructure. Residential developments are built to appeal to a specific socioeconomic class, typically middle class and upper class.

Infrastructure development has contributed to de facto segregation

those with the means and opportunity (the middle class) left the city as they were able and moved to areas connected by new infrastructure. Those who could not move because they lack the means or opportunity (marginalized, low income groups of the under class).

In 2014, a new subway line was constructed

thru tyson's corner, Virginia, an edge city of Washington DC.

land may be zones residential,

which means it can ONLY hold residential buildings.

4th Ring of the Concentric Zone Model

zone of better residences - nice, but small, single family homes - they are removed from the pollution and noise of the factories, but it will cost a little more (time or money) to commute into the city for work. It is comfortable living for the middle class, who live in this zone until about the 1960s. Eventually the middle class move out and the working class will move in.

Multiple nuclei develop because:

• Industrial activities require transportation facilities - ports, railway stations, etc. to lower transportation costs, so a nuclei would develop around that infrastructure • Some combinations of land use are best kept apart - i.e., airports and residential areas, parks & factories - but nuclei develop in the different parts of the city to support the main land use of that area. • Other services locate close together to take advantage of agglomeration (locating supporting businesses near each other), such as universities, bookstores, and coffee shops, etc.