Intro into Packaging Final

What does the term "aseptic packaging" describe?

Aseptic packaging is when both product and package are sterilized separately and then combined and sealed.

Describe pre shipment testing.

Design the product itself to make sure that there is no interference with distribution. Resolve those faults if any are present. Once the product is as durable as practically possible, determine and quantify the product's unavoidable fragility. Compare these results with the predicted distribution environment demands. Use protective packaging wherever needed or on weak spots Send several prototype packages for laboratory evaluation. The tests will measure their suitability for the intended distribution environment.

Define: gob, heel tap, blank mold, choke neck, finish, push-up,

Gob-a sheared unit of molten glass. Heel tap-an excess wall thickness at the base. Blank mold-a mold set used to create a container parison. Choke neck-an excessive thickness just below the finish. Finish- an opening of the bottle that accepts the closure. Push-up- a concave area at the bottom of the bottle.

What is the molecular structural difference between HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE?

HDPE structures are linear chains, LDPE are highly branched chains and LLDPE have short, branched chains.

Which would have the higher melting point: high molecular weight polysulfone or low molecular weight polysulfone?

Higher molecular weight polysulfone would have the higher melting point

Define "packaging."

Packaging is a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage, retailing and use.

Describe the Gravure printing process.

The graphics are engraved onto a gravure cylinder. The gravure cylinder passes through an ink fountain and is doctor bladed to remove the surface ink and leave the engraved wells filled with ink. The substrate passes between the gravure cylinder and an impression roll. Ink transfers from the gravure cylinder to the substrate

Describe the Offset Lithographic printing process.

The printing plate has oil receptive and water receptive areas. Water is applied to the plate and is absorbed by the water receptive areas. Oil based ink is applied to the plate and is held by the oil receptive area. The printing plate is compressed on to a rubber blanket and the ink transfers to the blanket cylinder. The substrate passes between the Blanket Cylinder and the Impression Cylinder; ink transfers to the substrate.

Describe the Flexographic printing process.

The printing plate has raised letters. A chambered doctor-blade fountain applies ink to an engraved anilox roll. The doctor blade removes the ink from the surface leaving ink in the engraved wells of the anilox roll. The Anilox roller applies ink to the raised portions of the printing plate. The printing plate applies the ink to the substrate while it is compressed by the impression cylinder.

Irregular carton shapes have an inherent disadvantage. What is it?

Though irregular shapes may provide a distinctive shelf appearance, they are more difficult to pack and ship. Obtaining machinery that will handle eyecatching shapes also can be a problem. Approach irregular carton shapes with caution.

Name the three metal closures and briefly explain what each of them are.

Threaded metal closures, lug-style metal closures, roll-on metal caps. Threaded metal closures engage a thread on the container finish, and rotation draws the closure against the container finish. Lug-style metal closures are designed to engage the interrupted thread of the container finish. The interlocking of the cap's lug and the container's thread creates a camming action, drawing the closure down until the soft liner forms a hermetic seal. Roll-on metal caps are punched from coated and decorated aluminum sheets and formed into a cap shell with a liner added to suit the end use.

What is differential tinplate?

Today, black plate is electrolytically tin-plated, allowing substantial reductions in the amount of tin used, as well as offering the ability to put different thicknesses of tin on either side of a steel sheet. The tin layer is extraordinarily thin, about 0.38 micrometers (0 .000015 in.). Manufacturers identify differential tinplate, as to both the amount of tinplating and the side having the thicker tin content, by embossing an identifying pattern onto one side of the sheet. The heavier tin deposit goes to the inside of the container where greater protection is needed.

Define the term "green-washing."

"A provider trying to look more environmentally preferable than it really is."

What is the "flute" of a corrugated box?

"Flute" is the term that describes the wavy medium between the two faces of linerboard that make up corrugated. Flutes range from A, the thickest / tallest to E, the thinnest or even F or Micro, which have hardly any "wave" to them.

Define: Sprue, Runner, Gate, Under Cut, Knock out Pins, Sink Marks.

"Sprue": main channel through which molten plastic flows into a mold "Runners": channels that distribute molten plastic to cavities "Gate": smell opening through which molten plastic enters the cavity "Under Cut": a configuration that prevents the straight opening of a mold "Knock out pins": move forward when mold opens to eject the parts from the core "Sink Marks": plastic shrinkage where wall thickness is uneven

What are some qualities of LDPE and benefits to using this particular type of plastic?

- Higher temperature and pressure -B112> long chain branching -B112> less crystalline, less dense - low cost, easy to process, good moisture barrier- good heat stability at 106- 112 C - clarity, high elongation, softness- low gas barrier, softness, low softening point - Tear strength, impact strength, elongation and flexibility decrease as density increases - gas barrier improves as density increases- good heat seal properties

What percentage of purchase decisions are made by consumers in the store while considering product choices? About how much time do you have to deliver a motivation to purchase?

68%-80% of consumer purchase decisions are made in store. A package can have a consumer's attention for about 7 seconds to influence their purchase decision.

What is the difference between a law and a regulation?

A federal law is passed by the U.S. congress and signed by the president. On the state level, a law is passed by state legislatures and signed by the governor. Regulations are created, or "promulgated," by regulatory agencies, usually to carry out instructions from congress that are built into laws. As a practical matter, both laws and regulations have the "force of law" in that you must comply with their requirements or face legal liability for violations.

What is a "life cycle analysis" (LCA)? Why is it important to use LCA when assessing the sustainability of a product?

A life cycle analysis is a plotting of the complete material, energy and process flow path, from raw materials to the end of life, for a product. Such an analysis is useful for focusing on the overall picture and as a means of eliminating oversights.

What is the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) definition of successful recycling?

A packaging or packaging component is recyclable if its successful postconsumer collection, sorting and recycling is proven to work in practice and at scale. "In practice and at scale" = 30% post-consumer recycling rate for at least 400 million inhabitants, or on markets where packaging is sold. Recyclable if over 95% of packaging by weight is recyclable Minor components compatible with process

Discuss the importance of a programmed parison.

A programmed parison controls the wall thickness in a narrow-waisted container. The extruder has a moving mandrel on a set program to help control wall thickness along the length of the bottle.

Describe the benefits of having a strong brand.

A strong brand can provide a great deal of equity which can be a huge purchase motivator. A strong brand can become a valued possession sometimes worth more than all other assets of a company. High equity brands are treated more generously than others. They can help to create a proprietary identity that cannot be infringed upon.

What is additive synthesis and subtractive synthesis?

Additive synthesis describes the addition of different light wavelengths to create a new color. Subtractive synthesis is the synthesis of printing inks where colors are produced by subtracting wavelengths from the white light. Subtractive synthesis is achieved by using pigments that have the ability to subtract or absorb certain wavelengths while reflecting others.

What are three advantages and three disadvantages of the injection blow molding process?

Advantages: No secondary operation, No regrind generated, high-precision neck finish, more cavities possible, better material distribution, wide- mouth jars easy to make. Disadvantages: Requires two mold sets, Limited size containers, Handleware difficult, Multilayer construction difficult

How is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) made and what are its main properties?

An ester produced by reaction of organic acid with an organic base Ethylene glycol + Terephthalic acid -> PET 249 C∘ is highest melting point of common packaging plastics When injection, stretch blown, it has superior barrier properties. (biaxially blown) Can not be extruded; not enough melt strength to support an extruded parison PETG is a copolymer with other glycol molecules; has good melt strength; can be extruded Polyesters must be molded dry to prevent hydrolysis 70% of PET is used for beverage bottles

What is annealing, and why is it necessary?

Annealing raises the temperature of a newly blown bottle and slowly cools it to room temperature. The process reduces the stresses in the container wall caused by inside to outside temperature variation.

There are two forms of film extrusion. What are they and discuss an advantage each one has.

Blown Film and Cast Film Blown Film is more economical and easily adjustable. Cast film has better optics, better thickness consistency and higher output

Describe brightness and why is it an important to consider the characteristics of the surface when process printing

Brightness refers to the amount of reflected light. This is important in printing since most inks are transparent. So, if the substrate is of a brighter color, it will have more light reflected back through the ink. This will result in a different visual compared to the same process done on a darker colored substrate.

What three material characteristics might be important for some machinability on a VF/F/S machine?

Coefficient of friction, yield point, and sealability

What is the difference between a cohesive failure and an adhesive failure?

Cohesive failure is indicative of low internal strength in the adhesive. Adhesive failure is indicative of a high internal strength of the adhesive that exceeds the interfacial bond of the adhesive to the substrate.

What is COMPASS used for?

Compass is a software tool that is used for performing a life cycle assessment through the use of life cycle inventory data.

What fragility factors should a packaging engineer keep in mind when designing a package?

Compression (what is the safe working load?) Shock (what is the critical drop and "G" level? Vibration (what are the resonance frequencies and their response to random vibration?) Heat/Cold (what are the critical temperatures?) Moisture (what is the critical humidity?) Time (what is the projected shelf life?) Electrostatics (what is the critical discharge voltage?)

Name the 6 Technical Functions of a package.

Contain, Measure, Protect, Dispense, Preserve, Transport

What are the 5 Principal Packaging Functions?

Contain, Protect/Preserve the product, Transport, Inform/Sell, End of Life (Cradle to Cradle)

Define demographics, and give three examples of demographic information. What are some sources of demographic information?

Demographics is numerical information about consumers in specific, easily quantifiable classifications. Examples are gender, age, education level, family size, ethnic background and religious beliefs. Demographic information can be obtained through the U.S . Census and surveys.

What is double gluing, and where would you specify it?

Double gluing is the gluing of both the inner closure panels and the outer closure panels to provide a complete sift-proof seal. It is specified for a product that requires sift proofing.

Describe the Draw and Iron process for 2 piece cans. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of can?

Draw and Iron Process (D&I) Cut blank and draw cup, Cup redrawn to finished diameter and pushed through series of ironing rings, each of slightly smaller diameter Rings "iron" the metal into a thinner sheet than the original thickness. Bottom of can has original blank thickness; side walls are considerably reduced in thickness; overall metal area of the final can is greater than the original blank. Necking operation reduces the end-piece diameter. Thin wall cans not suitable for thermal processing; primary use is carbonated beverage cans.

How are bottle surfaces made to look frosted?

Either by acid etching, spray frost or sand blasting.

True or False Questions a) Glass reacts very poorly with most chemicals b) Glass has very high density and takes a lot of energy to produce c) You can hot fill glass containers.

False True True

What is federalism?

Federalism is the concept of states having the dominant power to act and the U.S. or federal government having secondary power. While today many federal laws preempt or override state laws on the same topics, many state laws remain important sources of legal obligations on packaging. Notable are the CONEG Toxics law limiting heavy metals in packaging and California's Proposition 65, which requires warnings before consumer exposure to any of a long list of chemicals known to that state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.

Foils are almost always coated. What are some reasons that foil might be coated?

Foil coating renders the foil surface heat sealable and increases the foil's scratch or scuff resistance and burst strength. It also produces a specific surface such as slip, nonslip, release, or decorative and improves adhesion of other coatings or printing inks.

Define the following Paperboard Packaging Classifications: Folding Cartons ______________, Setup Boxes _________________, Tubs __________________, Liquid Resistant Boxes __________________.

Folding Cartons: Largest group in paperboard packaging. Made as flat blanks or preglued forms flattened for shipping. Classified as tube or tray styles Setup Boxes: Rigid cartons delivered erected (set-up) and ready for filling Tubs: Paperboard formed into round or square tubs with paper end seals (ice cream containers) Trays: Flat sheets with gusseted corners can be folded to form trays Liquid Resistant boxes: Board coated with wax or polyethylene for wet food applications

What is formation, and what qualities contribute to poor and good paper formation? What is the significance of formation to the paper user?

Formation is the evenness of the fiber distribution on the papermaking screen. The length of the fibers contributes to the formation on the screen. Poor formation can lead to uneven ink absorption or erratic adhesive bonding.

In most discussions, paper is referred to as corning from two types of papermaking machines. What are these machines, and what is the principal characteristic that indicates what kind of machine it carne from

Fourdrinier and Cylinder papermaking machines. Fourdrinier makes thinner paperboard and the Cylinder makes thicker paperboard and has definite layers.

What two packaging materials offer absolute barrier properties?

Glass and metal.

Define "distribution environment."

How will the product be handled? How will it be stored? How will it be transported? How high will it be stacked? What will the temperature and humidity range be? How many times will it be transferred and handled? What kind of pallets will be used? Will it be unitized or containerized?

On a bottle finish, what are the I, T, E, H, and S dimensions? What are the corresponding dimensions on a closure?

I= diameter at smallest opening inside finish; T =thread diameter measured across the threads; E = thread root diameter; H =top of finish to top of bead or to intersection with bottle shoulder on headless designs; S =the vertical distance from the top of the finish to the start of the thread. Corresponding dimensions are S, H, T and E.

What paper properties will calendering affect?

Improve caliper consistency, smooth out surface and provide a glossier surface.

What is the difference between a two-phase and a three-phase aerosol?

In the simplest two-phase system, such as glass cleaners and room air fresheners, the propellant dissolves in the product. Three-phase systems are those where propellant and product are not mutually soluble and remain separate in the can.

Below what gauge does pinholing become a major concern? What is the concern?

In the thinner gauges used for most packaging (as low as 7 micrometers/0.000285 in.), foils suffer from pinholing-minute holes through the foil. Pinholing increases as foil gauge decreases and is a major pathway for gas penetration.

Explain how an induction innerseal works. What container or closure body materials would interfere with the creation of a seal?

Induction heat-sealing heads have sealing coils powered by generators running at 5O to 500 kilohertz; they produce energy that couples with the aluminum foil that is part of the innerseal. The foil's temperature rises and transfers heat to the heat-seal coating, which then bonds with the container's land area. 10b) Rigid glass containers and metal closures do not change or deform under normal stress.

Describe the Injection Blow Molding (IBM) Process

Injection Mold Parison and partially cool More control of material distribution Multiple cavitation, faster process Ideal for small bottles; mascara Parison retained on core pin and transfer to blow mold station. Air blows parison into final shape. Finished bottle transfers to ejection station

What is the federal register?

It is the official journal of the federal government. It is a way for the government to contain and announce changes to government requirements, policies and regulations.

How does the cascade model work?

It proposes that plastics made of monomer gasses be able to be recycled multiple times and still contain most of their energy content when incinerated.

A 25-micrometer-thick plastic film has a moisture permeability that is 840 mg/100 square in./24 hours. What is the likely permeability if we go to a 12.5 micrometer film of the same material?

It will increase to 1680 mg/100 sq in/24 hrs.

What kind of process is kraft paper made from, and what are the distinguishing characteristics of kraft paper?

Kraft pulp is made using the chemical process and is brown in color and provides maximum strength. Chemical processing dissolves and removes the Lignen without breaking the fibers as in the mechanical process.

Cellulose fiber can be separated from the wood mass by several means. Name the two main methods, and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Mechanically cutting the wood is the fastest and cheapest method, but it breaks the fibers and reduces their effective length. The least fiber damage occurs when chemicals are used to dissolve the natural lignin binders in wood, leaving the fiber bundles intact and undamaged, but it is expensive.

Describe 4 color process printing.

Most complex printing task is reproduction of a full color illustration Mixing inks to match an artist mixing paint colors is not technically possible Using half-tone printing with the 4 process colors (CMYK) allows the eye to mix the individual dots and see the blended color Original art is separated into 4 screened (dot pattern) printing plates Superimposing the 4 printing passes will reproduce the original art in the minds eye Colors are printed a different angles to prevent formation of moiré (wavy) pattern

A typical food can might be described as being a "202 x 406." What does this mean?

Nominal can dimensions are given as the overall diameter by the overall height. Each dimension is given in three digits. The first digit is in whole inches, and the second two digits represent 16ths of an inch. A 202 x 406 can is 2-2/16 in. diameter and 4-6/16 in. height.

Which plastic would you use to make a clear presentation box for a gold watch? Why?

PS. (Polystyrene) Hard, clear, brittle Homopolymer (Crystal Styrene) (clarity not crystallinity), inexpensive and easily processed Can be colored with transparent or opaque colorants Dimensional stability, superior optics, good chemical resistance to food acids and alkalis, good printing characteristics Poor resistance to many solvents

Why are packages referred to as "child resistant" and not "child proof"?

Packages are referred to as child resistant and not child proof because any closure that is devised for reasonable adult use will be openable by some children, whether accident or not.

What paper would you specify for an ice cream box?

Paperboard coated with either polyethylene or wax.

What are the various forms of legally protected "intellectual property?"

Patents, trademarks, trade dress, copyrights and trade secrets.

Describe a circular life cycle.

Plotting the complete material, energy and process flow from raw materials to end of life. Packaging Conversion Manufacturing Distribution Retail Use Recycle Packaging Conversion A Circular Economy model requires a change in our current production and consumption system - packaging and products are designed with a recyclable or reusable end-of-life in mind. The goal is to keep resources circulating for as long as possible, through a more efficient use of production resources, more durable and repairable designs and increased recyclability

In thermoforming, cavity molds are preferred over plug molds. Why?

Plug molds have poor material distribution and limited draw. Cavity molds have better material distribution with the use of plug assist.

Describe the Injection Molding Process

Polymer is plasticized in a reciprocating screw. The reciprocating screw will accumulate a fixed amount of melted polymer by withdrawing in the barrel. The screw advances and injects the fixed amount of polymer into the injection mold. The melted polymer travels through the sprue, the runners, and enters the cavity through the gate. After cooling, the mold opens and ejects the formed component.

Define primary package, secondary package and distribution/tertiary package.

Primary package is the first containment of product that directly holds the product. Secondary package is the containment for the primary package. Tertiary package is the containment with the foremost purposes of protecting the product during distribution and providing for efficient handling.

What three colors does the human eye detect?

Red, Green, Blue

The four R's are used as the guiding principles for managing the waste problem. What are the four R's, in the correct order?

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.

Describe the process for making a 3-piece can.

Roll Steel is sheeted and lacquered Sheets are (printed), cut into end blanks or body blanks Body blanks are rolled and welded, pressure tested, then end flanges are rolled onto body Makers end blank is assembled, Fillers end blank is sent to Filler Can walls are beaded Cans are packed and shipped to filler who assembles the filler.

Name and describe the three plastic thread styles.

Rounded style: Rounded profile L style: 30 degree angle on top and bottom of thread M style: Modified Buttress thread, 45 degree angle on top of thread, 10 degree angle on bottom of thread

Although packaging has existed from primitive times, the Industrial Revolution is generally considered as the time when modern packaging was born. What changes at that time lend validity to this statement?

Rural agricultural workers migrated into cities, where they were employed in factories. Inexpensive, mass-produced goods became available to a large segment of the population; the consumer society was born. Factory workers needed commodities and food that were previously produced largely at home. Many new shops and stores opened to sell to the newly evolving working class. By necessity, some industries were located in nonagricultural areas, requiring that all food be transported into the growing urban settings.

What are the three principal constituents of glass?

Silica sand (silicone oxide) Limestone (calcium carbonate) Soda Ash (sodium carbonate)

Name three methods of unitized load handling, and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Slip sheets are economical, take up little space and are light. However, the equipment is not universally available and is more expensive and is slower to operate. Pallets are universally adaptable to a variety of handling situations and locations. However, they are costly and take up space, and disposal can be difficult. Clamp trucks use no added materials, but the geometry and character of the load must be such that it can be squeezed between the truck's clamps

What is a slit lock?

Slit-lock closures incorporate small slits between the tuck flap and the top closure panel. (See Figure 7.15) When the carton is closed, the slits engage shoulders cut into the dust flaps, securely locking the flap into place.

List the 6 paper board grades and their most common usage

Solid Bleached Sulfate: higher-end and general packaging Folding boxboard: higher-end and general packaging Solid Unbleached Sulfate: Beverage carriers/frozen foods Coated Kraft Back: Heavy consumer products Liquid Packaging Board: Milk/Juices White Lined Chipboard: Food/Toys/ Hardware

List 5 means by which a package communicates its persona to the observer

Structure, graphics, materials, colors, and feature

What prompted the paradigm shift that caused producers to change from a "Cradle-to-Grave" to a "Cradle-to-Cradle" responsibility?

Sustainability in packaging.

List the most widely accepted definition of sustainability.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Microorganisms are controlled by manipulating four conditions. What are they?

Temperature, moisture, acidity (pH) and nutrient source.

What are five plastic properties that were discussed in class?

Tensile Strength: resist direct pull -Tear Strength: resist tearing - Impact Strength: resist direct shock - Heat Seal Strength: resist peeling - Coefficient of Friction(CoF): static, dynamic - Haze and Gloss - Water vapor Transmission: permeation resistance - Gas Permeability: O 2 , N 2 , CO 2 , flavors and fragrances - Grease and Oil Barrier - Dimensional Stability: thermal expansion - Environmental Stress Crack Resistance (ESCR): surface initiated cracks due to biaxial stresses in the presence of an external agent - Chemical Properties

What is the Box Makers Certificate?

The Box Makers Certificate is a stamp printed on the box that tells the end user and shipper-freight carrier that the box meets or exceeds requirements for the rules (tariffs) for that particular box. "Standard" BMCs exist for regular boxes and rectangular BMCs are for boxes that have special requirements. Some boxes, particularly hazardous material boxes, require special markings. These markings supercede or even replace the regular BMC. UN-marked boxes have very stringent regulations and penalties for failure to comply with regulations. Failure to comply with a standard BMC rule may result in a freight carrier refusing to accept a shipment.

Explain the two theories of adhesion.

The Mechanical Adhesion Theory proposes that fluid adhesives mechanically interlock into the surface cavities of the substrate and they cannot be pulled away without destroying the surface of the substrate. The Specific Adhesion Theory is based on the bonding that takes place when regions of positive and negative charges are brought into intimate contact to mutually attract each other. The surface charges are expressed as polarity and occur at molecular distances.

Why is it important to consider the chemical nature of the materials when choosing an adhesive?

The chemical nature of the materials essentially determines whether or not the adhesive will work or fail. It is important to understand this factor because it helps to determine what type of adhesive will be used in joining two materials. We need to know if it is needed to use a special treatment or primer to achieve good adhesion.

When taking pictures of a board, why would a brightness of 100 be problematic for the photographers?

The cost of higher brightness papers becomes prohibitive, does include more graphic possibilities but does become more costly.

What physical properties of a polymer are affected by the degree of crystallinity and how could this information used to determine if a plastic is amorphous or crystalline?

The physical properties affected are increase of stiffness, increase of heat tolerance, barrier properties improve, and loss of clarity. A low crystallinity plastic will be clearer than one with high crystalline. Amorphous has no crystalline therefore the plastic will be clear.

Why is a reverse tuck carton more economical than a straight tuck carton of the same dimensions?

The reverse-tuck carton has the best board utilization when arranged on a press sheet.

Discuss factors that would lead you to decide whether to design a tuck-end carton or a glued-end carton.

The type of product you are packaging and the packaging operation are the first two factors to consider. Additional factors come into play for a self-contained package: Will there be one entry or repeated entries into the package? Will the consumer wish to see the product before purchase? Also consider the nature of your packaging operation

Polymers can be divided into two general chemical classes. What are they, and which is most commonly used in packaging? What is the difference in molecular structure that characterizes the two general polymer classes?

Thermoplastics and thermosets are the two types of polymer classes. Thermoplastics are most commonly used in packaging. Thermoplastic polymer chains are free to pass over one another when heated. Thermoset polymer chains are cross-linked and interconnected so they can never come free of one another without destroying the material.

What are the differences between type 1, type 2 and type 3 glass? Where are they used?

These three glass types are used in the pharmaceutical industry for vials and ampules. Type 1- a borosilicate glass that has the most stringent extractable standard. Type 2-a soda-lime glass that has been treated in the annealing oven with sulfur to reduce alkali solubility. Type 3- a conventional soda-lime glass that has been tested and shown to have a specified extractives level. Type 3 glass (without testing) is also used for most general purpose and cosmetic bottles

What are Shrink Labels?

They allow pre-printing from any printing process for process art and must allow for distortion when applied to can.

How is a reflective gold surface developed on a plastic film using metallizing technology?

Transparent lacquers and varnishes allow the brilliant reflective metallic sheen to show through. A transparent yellow lacquer would give the appearance of gold.

Describe hot-end coating and cold-end coating.

Two coatings are usually used with glass surface. The first, Hot-end coating, which is usually titanium tetrachloride, is applied at the entrance of the annealing lehr acts as a primer or binding agent. Cold end coating is applied at the lehr exit and can be made of oleic acid, monostearates, waxes, silicones or polyethylenes.

What are some of the future challenges packaging professionals will face?

Waste removal and plant ecology (sustainability) are a growing concern. Needs, wishes, perceptions of the consuming public continue to change. Global sourcing and competition.

Describe the difference between dry-bond laminating and wet-bond laminating.

Wet bonding requires that at least one substrate be porous enough to allow adhesive solvent or water to escape. Almost invariably, this substrate is paper. Adhesive is applied to one substrate, the two substrates are nipped together and the whole sent through an oven to set the adhesive. In dry bonding, adhesive is applied to the substrate and then dried of solvents. The resinous adhesive is either tacky or can be activated and set by heat. The second substrate is joined by a heated nip against the first to create the bond.

When is surface treatment needed? List and explain the difference between the two types of treatments.

When a surface has low polarity, it requires surface treatment to increase polarity and surface tension. Flame treatment and corona discharge are the two most commonly used treatments in packaging. The flame treatment has excess oxygen with the surface and the corona discharge creates a highly reactive ozone at the surface.

Define the term "product stewardship"

Whoever designs, creates, or sells the product is responsible for minimizing the products environmental impact.

What are the three main components of a corrugated fiberboard?

a. Facings- Kraft Linerboard b. Medium- One ply and contains hardwood and recycled fiber c. Adhesive- Starch based

What are 3 distinct advantages of a metal tube?

a. It is an absolute barrier. b. It can be decorated using certain methods. c. It has the best dead fold characteristics where it has the ability to fold flat or be rolled up. d. There is a wide range of internal coatings that can withstand the curing temperatures where the tube is previously coated with a white enamel base. The tube then must be decorated decorated using offset letterpress.

What are some tests associated with the regulations and requirements for boxes?

a. Mullen Burst Test- Determines the burst strength of a box b. Edge Crush Compression Test (ECT)- Determines the stacking strength of a box c. Cobb Test- Determines the ability of boxes to resist moisture and water absorption d. Pin Adhesion Test- Determines the quality of the corrugated board

When designing a laminate, what material: a. Tolerates the highest use temperature? b. Is an economical way of adding stiffness or bulk? c. Is a good oxygen barrier and can be thermoformed? d. Heat-seals through grease and bonds well to aluminum?

a. PET and polycarbonate have the highest use temperature. b. Paper. c. Meat or cheese packs that have one part of the web drawn to a product conforming tray require easy formability of the web stock. The web stock also needs to have clarity to show off the product, and it must have good oxygen-barrier properties. This combination of properties is best found in nylon-based laminates. d. Ionomers are used when high melt strength is needed. Ionomers tolerate contaminants and create adequate heat seals across greasy contaminants and have superior adhesion capability on metal surfaces.

What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerization?

condensation polymerization? Addition polymerization involves monomers adding onto themselves like links in a chain. Condensation polymerization occurs when two reactive monomers join together with the release of a molecule of water.