Intro of anthropology final
A child born into a traditional Croatian family will use different terms to refer to their mother's brother and father's brother as a reflection of the
different roles that these uncles play in a child's life based on an earlier agricultural lifestyle.
Negative reinforcements include
fines
Scholars who create racial classification schemes that use general categories that span a large geographic area (often continents) are known as
lumpers
The anthropological approach that contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values is called
political economy.
All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT
they are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men.
Programs like the Peace Corps or medical professionals coming to the aid of Haitians after the 7.0 earthquake in 2010 is an example of
an advantage of the intensification of globalization.
"The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa" is the definition of
globalization.
In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of
glocalization
A sodality is characterized by
groups of people in a tribe who are connected by age.
One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that
in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of "race".
The perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership is called
legitimacy
Bilateral cross-cousin marriage refers to marriage of a
man to the daughter of his father's sister and his mother's brother.
The Nayar of southern India practiced an interesting form of matrilineal descent in which women lived with their mothers and siblings, even after marriage. This had the result that
men and women could have more than one spouse, but the children always remained with their mothers.
Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called
serial monogamy.
A society characterized by a centralized government that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of force, a large diverse population, social stratification, and complex economies is called a
state
The social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge, is called
the mode of production.
The institution of slavery in the U.S. helped define race through a rule which stated that any trace of known non-European ("non-white") ancestry was used to automatically exclude a person from being classified as "white" (and therefore be born into slave status). This rule was called
the one-drop rule
In many cases, a person's consumption patterns (otherwise known as "taste") are actually a reflection of
the social class in which they were raised.
A person whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth, such as a person assigned female at birth who identifies as a man, may self-identify in a binary way as
transgender
In Slavonia, where chapter author Gilliland conducted research, agricultural households were
very large, up to 100 members who had specializations such as sewing or caring for horses.
What do the authors say have been the results for women's positions with the development of "civilization" compared with traditional (or "primitive") societies?
Development has brought "mixed blessings" for women.
Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?
Dowry
When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that
"race" is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways.
The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as
glocalization
Anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a
group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support.
The feeling of ease in one's own body in familiar social settings (based on social class) can be described by the term
habitus
All of the following describe the Big Man of New Guinea, EXCEPT
he has the power to coerce others.
Complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality are referred to as
legitimizing ideologies.
The mode of exchange that is characterized by regulation by supply and demand and transactions that are often impersonal (with strangers) but may be personal (with acquaintances or family members) is
market exchange.
The multi-faceted political and economic philosophy that emphasizes privatization and unregulated markets is
neoliberalism.
Among the Kpelle of Liberia, the poro and sande are
secret societies for men and women with mandatory membership.
Scholars who create localized, regional racial classification schemes which attempt to be "precise" are known as
splitters
Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting is called a/an
status
Darjeeling tea companies are marketing their product with labeling practices that appeal to Western consumers. Meanwhile, the workers who pick tea leaves in Darjeeling, India
still work within a highly unequal system in which they rely on plantation owners for pay, food, housing, and medical care.
A society in which elites, who are a numerical minority, control the strategic resources that sustain life is referred to as a
stratified society
Contemporary globalization is said to have begun, at least in terms of economics, as coinciding with
the end of WWII and Bretton Woods Conference, which led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.
Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to
the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups.
The title of the ethnography, Chopsticks Work Only In Pairs (1999), reflects the Lahu society's emphasis on
the importance of the male-female dyad or partnership in domestic life, work, and leadership.
While most of the human population is lactose intolerant, some people can naturally digest milk and dairy products. This lactose persistence in some people is a result of
their ancestors' history of dairy farming.
In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religious communities were matriarchal because
their leadership was made up of and controlled by women.
Before colonialism, the Tiv people of Nigeria had a unique economic system characterized by
three distinct spheres of exchange, each with their own form of money.
The goal of the Ithaca, New York HOURS program is
to maximize the number of transactions and deepen connections between people in the Ithaca area.
Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and an egalitarian set of values are
tribes
A person's attempt to take advantage of another person economically is called
negative reciprocity.
The Nigerian email scams that ask Western strangers for money, and promise reciprocity, can best be understood as
negative reciprocity.
The world's eight richest men now control as much wealth as the bottom __________ of the entire world's population.
50%
Which vitamin, important for healthy bone growth, does sunlight help produce?
Vitamin D
Chapter author McDowell argues that ISIS already demonstrates all of the following aspects, EXCEPT
a secular government.
The ability to induce or cause the behavior of others to change due to a social or political position is called
authority.
A set of culturally invented expectations leading to a role that a person assumes, learns, and performs, describes
gender roles
The often unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation is called
heteronormativity.
In Taiwan in the 1950s, anthropologist Margery Wolf described an unusual form of adoption, in which
mothers gave up their daughters as infants, only to take in an adopted daughter from someone else in order to cultivate them as daughters-in-law for their sons
Short-term uses of physical force that are organized to achieve a limited objective such as the acquisition of cattle, wealth, or abduction of women are called
raids
Societies that have greater differentiation between individuals and their kin groups, resulting in sumptuary rules that permit higher-status individuals to wear distinctive clothing or other decorations, are called
ranked societies
The three modes of exchange are
reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution.
All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT
women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary.
A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an
extended family.
At the level of the state, the law becomes increasingly
formal
Informal disputes in band societies may involve
ridicule and mediation
It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?
If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.
In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as
lineage
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is
polygyny
Policies that forbid inter-racial or inter-ethnic marriage are essentially trying to prevent the natural hybridization of peoples. This hybridization is called
amalgamation
A male-dominated political and authority structure and an ideology that privileges males over females overall is called
patriarchal.
The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called
patrilocal
The greatest genetic diversity is between
"blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent.
During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ________ of the world.
85%
What do the authors argue is "natural" (that is, not culturally determined) about the family?
A biological mother and biological father
What does the chapter author, García, say sparked his interest in cultural anthropology?
A lifetime of other people's questions and assumptions about his racial and ethnic background
What kinds of goods and ideas flow across national boundaries, as identified by Appadurai's idea of "scapes?"
All of the answer choices are correct
Which mode of production has these three central features: private property is owned by a business class; workers sell their labor power to survive; and surpluses of wealth are produced?
Capitalist production
Which of the three modes of production is the most recent?
Capitalist production
Although fair trade practices are appealing to conscious consumers, why do some farmers get left behind by fair trade?
Certain well-situated farmers with more social or cultural capital will have more access to the benefits of fair trade than poorer farmers.
Societies with tributary production generally share which of the following features?
Communities of kin own and work the land; tribute collected is used by the ruling class.
In the salsa dance world, which of the following best describes the coming together of people at salsa dance "congresses" and festivals?
Dancers from all over the world convene and, even though they may not speak the same languages or share local styles, they can dance together.
At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when
Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived
What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?
Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.
Law in tribal societies may include which of the following aspects?
Negotiation, mediation, or supernatural events
How do anthropologists understand the ritual of Christmas for its participants?
Participants engage in the process of buying, wrapping, and giving gifts to celebrate personal social relations within a sphere of monetary exchange.
After Latin American countries declared independence from Spain, what relationship functioned as the primary political mechanism?
Patron/client
Which types of societies throughout time have had the strictest controls over marriage, in order to reproduce the existing social structure?
Stratified non-egalitarian societies
What do the chapter authors argue is the distinguishing feature of globalization?
The rapid speed of global interactions
In Chinese society, traditionally which kinds of terms do siblings use to refer to one another?
The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.
Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?
There is no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property.
Which of the following is the best summary of the goals of economic anthropology?
To examine how many forces affect the decisions of economic actors in production, exchange, and consumption, and the meaning of material and immaterial objects
How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism?
Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.
Which of the following modes of production is based on farmers or herders producing for themselves and their families, but also giving a portion of their goods or labor to their leaders?
Tributary production
How was the U.S.' economic strategy in Latin America different from Great Britain's?
U.S. companies went to Latin America to directly control the means of production, whereas Great Britain had imported goods from Latin America.
The study of the experiences of people who live in cities and the relationships of city life to broader social, political, and economic contexts, is called
Urban Anthropology.
"Honor killings," such as those committed by conservative Muslims in Pakistan, are a tragic consequence of
a family who believes that a female member of their household has shamed them through her sexuality.
The salaula (secondhand clothes market system) of Zambia is an example of
a highly successful informal economy that operates within a global system.
The fact that not only people of East Asian ancestry have an epicanthic eye fold, but also people from Central Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, some Native American groups, and the Khoi San of southern Africa, is an example of
a nonconcordant trait that is mistakenly associated with one "racial" group.
The term cisgender refers to
a person whose assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity, such as a personal assigned female at birth who identifies as a woman.
Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in
all of the answer choices are correct .
General purpose money is
all of the answer choices are correct.
Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals
all of the answer choices are correct.
In a patrilineal system,
all of the answer choices are correct.
Marriages integrate family groups in tribal societies by
all of the answer choices are correct.
The importance of gift-giving to reciprocity is that
all of the answer choices are correct.
When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include
all of the answer choices are correct.
After marriage in Dobu, Papua New Guinea, couples would practice bilocal residence, meaning they would
alternate years living in the husband's village and in the wife's village.
All of the following are correct about Navajo (or Diné) society, EXCEPT
clan membership is tied to a historical person recognized to be an ancestor.
Foraging societies are characterized by
collective ownership of the primary means of production and lower rates of social domination.
The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as
colonialism.
Relationships formed through blood connections are called __________, while those formed through marriage are called __________.
consanguineal, affinal.
According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are
domestic, tributary, and capitalist.
Each of the four types of socio-cultural integration can be identified as
egalitarian, ranked, or stratified.
All of the following are aspects of a state society, EXCEPT
egalitarianism
The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group is called
endogamy
The cultural rule that emphasizes the need to marry outside of one's own cultural group is called
exogamy
Which is the most common form of family structure cross-culturally?
extended family
Reverse dominance occurs when
people reject any attempts of an individual to exercise power.
People who identify as hijras from India are
people who identify with a third gender role in society, often assigned male at birth or intersex.
The study of the means of control in societies is the subject of
political anthropology.
Anthropologists focus on three phases of economic production, which are
production, exchange, and consumption.
Melanin (the skin's pigment) acts as a natural sunblock, thereby
protecting the skin from breakdown of folate.
The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as
racial froamation
The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is
redistribution.
A set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status is called a/an
role
Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on
slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance.
Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates
generalized reciprocity.
Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?
Carolus Linnaeus
The creative, reflexive, and sometimes even ironic ways that people perform their various social identities can be referred to as their
lifestyle
Anthropologists researching gender in the 1980s came to the conclusion that evaluating male dominance in any culture
should be examined through the lens of different components of status and socio-economic and identity variables.
A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs is called
structural violence.
A two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo represents a
third gender role that is "not man" and "not woman."
The types of societies most likely to recognize women's economic and reproductive contributions, as well as be more egalitarian in terms of gender relations, are
foraging and horticultural societies.
All of the following are true about gender cross culturally EXCEPT
gender is always binary or dualistic, consisting of males and females.
All of the following are true about the Na people, who live in the foothills of the Himalayas, EXCEPT
fathers are absent from their children's lives.
A study focusing on the extraction of water from land in Fiji by a North American company that sells the water and gains its profits in the U.S. is best situated primarily within the
financescape
A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called
hypodescent.
A study focusing on the spread of religious doctrine by missionaries would be interested primarily in the
ideoscape
The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently, and not bundled together with other traits, is
nonconcordant
Economic anthropologists have studied the results of Westernization around the world, and found that increasing numbers of McDonalds (or other Western commodities) have
not Westernized people in the ways originally feared, and in some cases have caused a resurgence of local identities.
A family of parents in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, and their minor or dependent children is called a/an
nuclear family
The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of __________.
orientation, procreation
Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as
patrilineal.
The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of
redistribution.
The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned "truth" is called
reification.
Which of the following offices can be found representing leadership in a state society?
All of the answer choices are correct
Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children?
Bridewealth
Which of the following modes of production is characterized by subsistence food-getting, egalitarianism, and labor organized on the basis of kinship relations?
Domestic production
How does chapter author McDowell understand the political organization of ISIS (also called the Islamic State)?
He argues that ISIS has achieved many of the characteristics of a formal political state.
During the 1920s, some scholars argued for a division of European "races" into
Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean
In environments where the sun's rays are much less intense, what problem does the human body face, especially in terms of natural selection?
Not enough sunlight penetrates the skin to enable Vitamin D production
What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies?
Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence.
What type of food was discovered to make up the majority of the diet of human foragers (and, by extension, likely our ancient ancestors)?
Plant foods such as nuts, fruits and roots
What does chapter author McDowell argue about the stability of states?
States tend toward instability, evidenced by the fact that very few states in history have lasted up to 1,000 years.
Based on evidence from anthropological studies, which of the following results is most likely to come from the introduction of modern goods into traditional communities?
The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of commodities?
They retain the same value and meaning for their owners from production to consumption.
In the field of anthropology, what statement best describes the relative positions of male and female professors?
While women hold positions of power and authority in the field, discrepancies remain among rank, salary, and publication rates.
Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is
White privilege
Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that
a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.
In Hawaiian kinship terminology, there are
a smaller number of kinship terms, grouping you (Ego), your brothers and sisters, and your cousins together under the term "child."
Adoption in some Pacific Island societies is
a way to honor relatives and create two nurturing sets of parents
Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as
arbitrary and subjective.
The pressure on members of ethnic and immigrant minority groups to abandon their native customs, traditions, languages, and identities quickly and adopt those of mainstream society is the pressure of
assimilation
The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on
baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop."
The Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islands, a ceremonial exchange of arm bands and necklaces, best illustrates
balanced reciprocity.
When something is given or traded with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specified time period, it shows
balanced reciprocity.
A society that is nomadic and small in size, lacks formal leadership, and generally forages for their living is likely a
band society
The four levels of socio-cultural integration characterized by Elman Service are
band, tribe, chiefdom, and state
The most common form of descent pattern practiced in the United States is referred to as
bilateral
The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called
consumption
In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate Hillary Clinton was described as 'ambitious, goal-focused, strategic, "wanting" the presidency.' In her case, these descriptors were used to
criticize her as seeming "power-hungry" as though women are not legitimately supposed to pursue power.
The social-cultural process that creates kinship-based relationships of rights and obligations between members of a family is referred to as
descent
A society in which few differences exist between members in terms of wealth, status, and power is referred to as a
egalitarian system.
At Halloween each year, the author joins in giving out handfuls of candy to neighborhood children. This type of reciprocity can best be called
generalized.
The word used to describe culturally-recognized ties between members of a family is
kinship
The idea of the "ethnoscape" focuses on __________ that flow(s) across borders.
people
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is
polyandry
The ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or use or threat of physical force is called
power.
The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists.
re-entrenchment
Cross-culturally and historically, marriages based on free choice and romantic love are
relatively unusual and recent.
A Japanese person of Buraku descent (Burakumin) can be distinguished from non-Buraku Japanese by
social stigma based on ancestry.
Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives has the greatest impact on their experience of society and the advantages conferred. This important feature is
socio-economic status (social class)
Some advantages of the intensification of globalization include
solidarity movements, boycotts, and crowd-source fundraising by people in the Global North to aid people in the Global South.
Matrilineal descent refers to the recognition of descent through
the mother's line only.
Anthropologist Eric Wolf argued that human consciousness is determined by this basic human activity:
work
Legitimacy to rule may be reinforced in which of the following ways?
All of the answer choices are correct
All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT
weekly visits to a Buddhist temple
Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)?
All of the answer choices are correct
Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport?
All of the answer choices are correct
How did 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the United States classify gender and sexuality?
All of the answer choices are correct.
How do foraging societies accommodate any potential conflict between women's work and their pregnancies/childbirth?
All of the answer choices are correct.
What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market?
All of the answer choices are correct.
What are the harmful effects of exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation, especially for people with lightly pigmented skin?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from "race"?
An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits.
What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?
It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water.
How do chapter authors say that Syria's rather sudden membership in the "scapes" of globalization led to the uprisings in that country?
Social media, including activist blogs and images from the Arab Spring uprisings, galvanized people into protesting in the streets.
After Haiti's 7.0 magnitude earthquake in 2010, structural violence prevented people from getting their most basic needs met largely due to which of the following factors?
The Haitian elite running the country's NGOs and U.S. military received most of the aid money, and little of it ever reached the people living in the displaced persons' camps
In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of
bilateral descent.
An exchange of valuables given from the groom's family to the bride's family is called
bridewealth
A society characterized by a permanent political office that belongs to the leader, a redistributive economy, social and political bonds made through marriages and secret societies is most likely a
chiefdom
One consequence of early anti-miscegenation laws during the period of slavery in the United States was that
children of slave women and a Euro-American father inherited their mother's racial and slave status, adding to the slave "property" of the father.
The set of ideas about the categories of gender, and the beliefs, behaviors, and meanings associated with each gender, is referred to as a
gender ideology
ISIS has characteristics of
a constituitive state.
What was the primary motivation for warfare in early agricultural states?
To increase surpluses of food and other agricultural products
After one man traveled to the US from Liberia with the Ebola virus in 2014, many Americans debated whether full travel bans should be instituted to and from countries with confirmed cases of Ebola. This is not only an example of how globalization can potentially create a public health disaster, but also highlights which social aspect of intensified globalization?
Xenophobic attitudes and racial prejudice
A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as
a dowry
Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is, to
adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation.
Gender ideologies in the 19th and mid-20th centuries were based on a form of biological determinism, in which
males and females were supposedly born fundamentally different reproductively and were "naturally" sexually attracted to each other, although women's sexual drive was not well-developed.
A social contract between (most often) two individuals and potentially their families that specifies rights and obligations of their union and their offspring is how anthropologists understand
marriage
The residence pattern in which a couple resides with the wife's mother's family after marriage is called
matrilocal
What is the correct relationship between a state and a nation?
A state is a coercive political institution; a nation is an ethnic population.
The world's worst refugee crisis - millions of Syrian refugees who have flooded into neighboring countries to escape the violence in Syria - are part of which of Appadurai's five "scapes?"
Ethnoscape
The reason that the human species exhibits a very low level of genetic variation is due to
the fact that Homo sapiens is a relatively recent species.
The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers of Central America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and also produce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that
their economic activity is uniquely adapted to the contemporary global economy by utilizing several modes of production simultaneously.
The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called
syncretism
In the U.S., the idea of a "legitimate" or "illegitimate" child refers to whether
the child was a result of a legally recognized relationship that entitled offspring to certain rights, including inheritance.