Intro to biology semester 1 final
A protein is a complex macromolecule with a 3-dimensional shape that determines its functions. Complete the following sentences and place them in order representing the levels of protein structure, starting with its building blocks and leading to its complex function.
1. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound to a positively charged amino group and a negatively charged carboxyl group and a side chain. 2. Polypeptides formed by dehydration reactions link amino acids together, forming a linear chain. 3. The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that are attached together by peptide bonds. 4. In the secondary structure of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanism of amino acids rotating around bonds and folding into a alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet structure and stabilized by hydrogen bonds. 5. In the tertiary structure of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a complex 3-dimensional shape. 6. The quaternary structure of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein.
1. lipids___ 2.proteins__ 3. nucleic___ carbohydrates__
1. Important components of cell structure and necessary for many cellular functions. 2.Energy storage, hormones, key component of plasma membranes. 3. Information storage. 4. Energy source, structural support.
Which order best fits the way in which you would conduct the five stages of scientific method?
1. Observe a natural phenomenon 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Design an experiment with predictions 4. Analyze data 5. Confirm or reject hypothesis
Fill in the blanks and place the sentences in order to most accurately describe the process by which water is transported from the ground to the branches and leaves of a tree.
1. Trees take up water from their roots. Water must travel against gravity up to all of the branches and leaves. 2. As water evaporates from the pores of the leaves, more water is pulled up from below resulting in a constant supply of water moving up through the vessels of a plant. 3. The cohesion of water molecules, resulting from the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, causes a movement of the water through the plant's vessels, as it moves up from the roots.
Sequence the following steps in the development of cancer in an individual with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP).
1.Mutation in DNA repair enzyme gene 2.Exposure to UV light 3.Mutation of a tumor-suppresor gene -initiates abnormal cell growth 4.Benign growth- the earliest cell growth 5.Malignant growth- later stage of cell growth 6.Metastasis- last step of cancer, usually fatal
A DNA specimen that contains 30% guanine has ________ thymine.
20%
If a specimen contains 30% adenine (A) in its DNA, how much cytosine (C) will it contain?
20%
Humans have __________ different pairs of autosomes.
22
A phospholipid has ______ fatty acids attached to glycerol, whereas a fat has _______.
2; 3
How many nucleotides are contained in a single codon?
3
Consider an organism whose diploid karyotype shows it to have a total of 60 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be contained in the sperm of this organism?
30
Which DNA strand is complementary to 5′-ATTCGGTGA-3′?
3′-TAAGCCACT-5′.
Carbon has 4 electrons and hydrogen has 1 electron in its outermost electron shell. A carbon atom can form covalent bonds with how many hydrogen atoms?
4
Which of the following sequence pairs is a palindrome?
5′-TCCGGA-3′ 3′-AGGCCT-5′
If a DNA template strand has a sequence of 3′ TACAATGTAGCC 5′, the RNA produced from it will be which sequence?
5′AUGUUACAUCGG3'
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
A male is heterozygous for the trait that produces freckles on the skin, and he has freckles. If he marries a woman who is also heterozygous for freckles, ________ percent of their children are predicted to be freckled. Also, of all their children, ________ percent are predicted to be heterozygous.
75%, 50%
Uniporter
A carrier protein that transports a single molecule across the plasma membrane.
Antiporter
A carrier protein that transports two molecules across the plasma membrane in opposite directions.
Which of the following could not result from mutations?
A fish in a stream dies from a poison that blocks cellular respiration.
What would result from a single nucleotide deletion (point mutation) within the coding sequence of a structural gene?
A frameshift mutation, producing a completely different amino acid sequence
Indicate the examples below that illustrate the first law of thermodynamics. (Check all that apply.)
A plant uses sunlight to form a H+ gradient. A H+ gradient is used to produce ATP. An animal uses ATP to move its muscles.
Which is the largest molecule?
A polysaccharide
What structure best represents a polymer?
A protein.
What type of plant would be least affected by the loss of the guard cell function that closes stomata?
A rainforest plant.
In Mendelian inheritance patterns, which of the following statements is accurate about recessive alleles? (Check all that apply.)
A recessive allele will have no noticeable effects on an organism's phenotype if a dominant allele is present. A recessive allele will have an effect on an organism's phenotype if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele. Recessive alleles can be either on the maternal chromosome or the paternal chromosome.
Which of the following base pairs would be targeted and repaired by a mismatch repair system?
A-G
The purpose of the light reaction is to produce __________.
ATP and NADPH
What are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cell respiration?
ATP, heat, and carbon dioxide
Which best explains the role of plant pigments in photosynthesis?
Absorb light energy
which statement describes a reason ribosomal genes are useful for comparing evolutionary relationships among organisms?
All organisms possess these genes and they can be compared with each other.
What was one of the pieces of evidence most critical to the discovery of DNA structure?
An X-ray diffraction pattern suggesting a double helix shape.
Complete the sentences about cell junctions with the correct terms.
Animal cells attach to each other using cell junction proteins. Junctions called plasmodesmata permit communication between plant cells. Animal cells use integrins to attach to the extracellular matrix. Animal cells form leak-proof seals between cells using tight junctions. Cell connections called gap junctions help adjacent animal cells communicate.
________ bind two or more ions or molecules and transport them in opposite directions across a membrane.
Antiporters
Complete the sentences with the correct terms.
Autotrophs use the Calvin cycle to make organic molecules. O₂ is produced in the light reactions. The light reactions involve a series of energy conversions. An electron carrier called NADPH drives the Calvin cycle. H₂O provides electrons for the light reactions.
Which of the following are plant hormones? (Check all that apply).
Auxins, Ethylene, Gibberellic acid
You transform bacteria with a plasmid carrying the ampicillin-resistance gene ampR. How would you determine which bacteria took up the plasmid?
Bacteria containing the plasmid would be able to grow in the presence of ampicillin.
Based on the properties of water, what would happen if one were to add a solute to water?
Both the freezing point of water would decrease and the boiling point of water would increase.
What is a feature of woody stems (in temperate regions) but not of herbaceous stems?
Bud scale scars
Which adaptive root type do tropical trees have?
Buttress roots
How can a living cell increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
By using a catalyst
Which relationship about nucleotide composition in DNA is correct?
C+A=G+T
Which of the following are physical stimuli that influence plant responses?
CO2, light, water vapor, gravity
The formation of the complex molecules in living organisms is made possible by what property of carbon?
Carbon forms up to 4 covalent bonds.
The equation, C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (ATP + heat), describes what process?
Cell respiration
Complete the sentences with the correct terms.
Chemical signals called hormones act in low concentrations to coordinate internal responses to environmental stimuli. Plant behaviors range from relatively rapid bending and twisting behaviors called nutation to more long term growth changes such as tropisms that occur in responses to stimuli. These stimuli include biological factors such as herbivores that consume plant parts or pathogens that spread disease. There are also physical stimuli such as temperature, light, and water which can influence growth and development. One easily observed example is phototropism in which growth and development of many cells cause plant shoots to grow towards or away from light .
In which organelle of the plant does photosynthesis takes place?
Chloroplast
What structure easily distinguishes a plant cell from an animal or bacterial cell?
Chloroplast
__________ is a steriod that is important for cellular function because __________.
Cholesterol; it is a precursor for certain hormones (in animals)
Which of the following correctly describes bases that pair with each other in the DNA double helix?
Cytosine bonds with guanine
Griffith first proposed the "transformation principle" through his studies on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. What molecule was later found to be responsible for this phenomenon?
DNA
The key structural difference between DNA and RNA is
DNA contains a different sugar than RNA.
Which molecule is responsible for separating double-stranded DNA into single strands?
DNA helicase
Complete the sentences about gene cloning by inserting the correct terms.
DNA is cut into fragments by restriction enzymes. A restriction site is a section of DNA recognized by a restriction endonuclease. Restriction endonucleases that produce sticky ends are preferred for recombinant DNA technology. The enzyme DNA ligase is used to attach DNA strands.
If you have a double-stranded synthetic piece of DNA that you want to attach to a PCR product, which enzyme would be used to join together two molecules.
DNA ligase
After a fragment of DNA containing the gene of interest has been inserted into a vector, how are the gaps between the two pieces of DNA sealed together?
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds in the DNA backbone.
DNA vs RNA
DNA: double stranded, housed within the nucleus of an animal cell, ATGC RNA: single stranded, ribose sugar within backbone, AUGC
What is the closest parallel in animal structural levels of complexity to the branches, buds, flowers, seeds, and fruits of flowering plants?
Digestive system, reproductive system, skeletal system.
Complete the sentences with the correct terms from the list.
During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH and FADH₂ are oxidized to power ATP production. The electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is oxygen. NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons at different points in the electron transport chain. ATP synthase uses a electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions to produce ATP.
A bowl of sugar water is very stable. However, cells can rapidly break down sugar into carbon dioxide and water. What is the best explanation for this observation?
Enzymes in the cell catalyze the breakdown of glucose.
If a person's ability to form steroids in his/her body was destroyed, what functions would be affected? (Check all that apply.)
Estrogen would no longer be produced in the body.
Aquaporin allows water molecules to move very rapidly across a plasma membrane. What would be the best definition of this process?
Facilitated diffusion using a channel
Determine if each statement applies to facilitated diffusion, active transport, or both.
Facilitated diffusion: molecules move down concentration gradient active transport: molecules move against concentration gradient, requires energy both: molecules move through a protein in the membrane, transport proteins allow the movement of ions and hydrophilic molecules across the membrane
Ionizing radiation can produce which of the following?
Free radicals
Mendel's model organism for studying inheritance was the garden pea. What are the advantages of using peas to study genetics? Check all that apply
Garden peas are available in many varieties. Garden pea plants can be crossed to allow the formation of hybrid offspring. Matings between garden peas can be carefully planned and controlled.
Following treatment with restriction enzymes, what procedure would be used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths?
Gel electrophoresis
Which feature of DNA represents the highest (or most complex) level of structure?
Genome
What processes will occur in the presence or absence of oxygen?
Glycolysis
Assuming the plant survives, predict what would occur if you removed the shoot apical meristem of a plant embryo.
Growth would only occur at in the roots.
What features are associated with the leaf epidermis? Check all that apply.
Guard cells Trichomes Cuticular wax Pores
Identify a reactant in the light reaction of photosynthesis.
H2O
Eyelash length is an inherited trait. In the human population, there is an eyelash length gene. There are two possible variants of this gene—an allele for long eyelashes (>1cm) and an allele for short eyelashes (1 cm or less). The allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). An individual who is heterozygous for eyelash length would produce which of the following gametes?
Half of the gametes would have the L allele and half of the gametes would have the l allele.
Which of these organisms consume organic molecules to live?
Heterotrophs
Lipids in the form of triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes are all important for life to occur. Select all those processes that relate to lipid functions.
Hormone production Energy storage Cell formation Prevention of water loss
In which pair of organisms would you predict the DNA sequences of the β-globin gene family are the most similar?
Human and chimpanzee
What is a dominant allele?
In a heterozygous individual, the allele that determines the phenotype
Drag the correct word from the left into the sentence on the right to complete each sentence.
In anabolic reactions that involve the synthesis of a large molecule from smaller precursor molecules, NADH and ATP are consumed when they provide the needed electrons or energy. In catabolic reactions that involve the breakdown of a molecule intosmaller subunits, such as glucose to pyruvate, NADH and ATP are produced. In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD, pyruvate is being reduced. In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD, NADH is being oxidized.
Complete the sentences with the correct terms.
In direct intracellular signaling, signals pass through a cell junction from one cell to adjacent cells. Membrane-bound signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells in the process of contact-dependent signaling. An example of autocrine signaling is when cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells. In paracrine signaling, cells release signals that affect nearby target cells. Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells during endocrine signaling.
Complete the sentences with the correct terms.
In flowering plants, the individual plant typically seen is the sporophyte generation. This generation has diploid cells that produce haploid cells through meiosis. These cells undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular, haploid generation called the gametophyte. The gametophyte plant produces gametes that join to form a zygote which grows to be an embryo contained in a seed While the angiosperm sporophyte is large, the gametophyte is quite small and composed of few cells.
Insert the correct terms or phrases into the following sentences that compare DNA replication with transcription.
In transcription, the goal is synthesis of RNA. In DNA replication, the goal is synthesis of DNA. RNA polymerase and primase both add nucleotides to a 3' OH. During DNA replication, both strands of the DNA will function as a template. During transcription, only one strand of the DNA will function as a template. The enzyme that is involved in replication but not transcription is DNA polymerase.
____ occurs when 50% of a protein produces a different phenotype than that produced by 100% or 0% of the protein.
Incomplete dominance
Which function of genetic material allows for the expression of proteins?
Information storage
Match the organelle with its function
Instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information: Nucleoid. Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins: Endoplasmic reticulum Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicle: Golgi apparatus Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis: Lysosomes "Power plants" of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism: Mitochondria Sites of photosynthesis: Chloroplasts Regulates water levels in plant cells: Vacuole Used in break down of fats and contains the enzyme catalase: Peroxisome
A bottle of sodium (Na) in solution and a bottle of chlorine (Cl) in solution are mixed together and the water evaporated. What type of bond will be created between the atoms, and what will be the product?
Ionic bonds; table salt
What happens to the amount of muscle glycogen used for energy as exercise continues?
It decreases
Which hormone is used by plants to respond to attack by an herbivore?
Jasomic acid
How do you think global warming is affecting leaf abscission?
Leaf abscission is happening later in the fall.
Which molecule catalyzes covalent bond formation between fragments of DNA?
Ligase
__________ are organic molecules that are hydrophobic and composed of primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, plus some oxygen atoms.
Lipids
Eyelash length is an inherited trait. In the human population, there is an eyelash length gene. There are two possible variants of this gene—an allele for long eyelashes (>1cm) and an allele for short eyelashes (1 cm or less). The allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). An individual who is heterozygous for eyelash length would have which of the following genotypes?
Ll
Eyelash length is an inherited trait. In the human population, there is an eyelash length gene. There are two possible variants of this gene—an allele for long eyelashes (>1cm) and an allele for short eyelashes (1 cm or less). The allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). An individual who is heterozygous for eyelash length would have which of the following phenotypes?
Long eyelashes
Why must the life cycle of sexually reproducing species alternate between haploid and diploid stages?
Meiosis must occur at some point in the life cycle to prevent a doubling of chromosomes in each generation.
Where are the protein complexes associated with the electron transport chain located?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Which of the following statements about cancer is FALSE?
Most cancers involve genetic changes that are passed from parent to offspring.
Na+ ion concentrations are higher outside the cell than inside the cell. What type of transport system is required to move Na+ ions in and out of the cell?
Na+ moves into the cell by facilitated diffusion and out of the cell by active transport.
You have been asked to synthesize a new isotope for cadmium. Which part of the original atom would you need to manipulate in order to create an isotope?
Neutrons
Beginning with the simplest level of structure, which order of organization of genetic material is CORRECT?
Nucleotide, strand, double helix, chromosome, genome.
The products of photosynthesis are
O2 and carbohydrates
How do the detergents found in dish soap help clean cooking oils off of dirty dishes?
Oil dissolves in the hydrophobic center of a sphere formed by many detergent molecules.
Which is involved in replicating the lagging strand of DNA, but is not involved in leading strand DNA replication?
Okazaki fragments
Which of the following is true concerning a somatic cell mutation?
Only a small group of cells within the organism is affected by the mutation.
The amino acids of a growing polypeptide chain are held together by what kind of bond during the elongation stage of translation?
Peptide
How does a macrophage (immune cell) consume a bacteria?
Phagocytosis
What are the two major components of cell membranes?
Phospholipids and proteins
The equation, 6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2, describes which process?
Photosynthesis
Complete the sentences with the correct terms.
Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce ATP, NADPH, and O₂. chlorophyll captures the light energy for photosynthesis. ATP and NADPH drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle performs carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Water is converted to oxygen and releases electrons in the light reactions.
Classify the stimuli as either physical or biological.
Physical Stimuli: light, CO2, temp, wind, gravity, water, soil Biological: herbivores, hormones, pathogens, organic chemicals, soil microorganisms
Which of the following vectors undergo transformation to get into bacterial cells?
Plasmid
Which adaptive root type do mangrove trees have?
Pneumatophores
What type of bonds form from the unequal sharing of electrons?
Polar covalent
A small amount of DNA is collected from a crime scene. However, the amount of DNA collected is insufficient to perform the necessary experiments to link a suspect to the crime. Which method could be utilized to increase the amount of DNA?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Water diffuses through certain organs such as the kidneys and bladder much faster than would occur by passive diffusion through a lipid bilayer alone. What accounts for this more rapid rate of water transport in these organs?
Presence of aquaporin channels for facilitated diffusion of water.
For each characteristic, identify if the characteristic is present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or all cells.
Prokaryote: cell wall containing peptides and carbs, glycocalyx, nucleoid region all cells: plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, proteome eukaryote: cytoskeleton, mitochondria
Which is true of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure?
Proteins can easily move laterally through membranes.
What features of meiosis allow for independent assortment of chromosomes?
Random alignment of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate
Which factors are utilized by the cell to recognize the stop codon and disassemble the translation machinery?
Release factors
Which of the following applications have been, or continue to be, addressed by the goals of the Human Genome Project? (Check all that apply.)
Screening for genes associated with a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Organizing genetic data to make it easier to search and interpret. Drafting policies for who should be allowed to access personal genetic information.
What are the characteristics of angiosperms? Check all that apply.
Seed production Flower production They produce embryos
Insert the correct terms or phrases into the following sentences on RNA modification in eukaryotes.
Shortly after RNA polymerase begins to transcribe a pre-mRNA, a 5' cap is added. In the nucleus, both 5' and 3' modifications to mRNA are important for export of the mRNA to the cytosol. In the cytosol, the 5' cap is recognized by proteins that enable the mRNA to be translated. A mature mRNA will have a poly A tail added. In the cytosol, the poly A tail is important for stability of the mRNA.
Place the following events of mitosis in the correct order.
Sister chromatids begin to condense. The nuclear membrane breaks up. Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate. Sister chromatids separate. The cleavage furrow forms.
Describe the main components of a biological membrane by filling in the missing terms.
Small amphipathic phospholipids are the most abundant molecules in a membrane. Larger proteins make up half of the mass of a membrane. Polar carbohydrates are typically found attached to the outside of a membrane, via covalent linkages to proteins or lipids.
Which sequence of events CORRECTLY describes the initiation and elongation steps of translation in prokaryotic cells?
Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA Initiator tRNA binds start codon on mRNA Large ribosomal subunit binds tRNA entry and peptidyl transfer reaction Translocation of ribosome and release of tRNA
After a night of drinking too much alcohol, a person will rely on which organelles to help detoxify and recover?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Transpiration water loss occurs mostly through which of the following structures?
Stomata
Select all of the following that are types of roots. (Check all that apply)
Tap Fibrous Buttress
You cut a plasmid with a restriction enzyme that cuts it into three pieces—one fragment is 240 base pairs, one fragment is 600 base pairs, and one fragment is 1200 base pairs. You carry out electrophoresis of the digested sample. Which of the fragments will be closer to the top of the gel where the sample was inserted?
The 1,200 base pair fragment.
Type S Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium is lethal and will kill its host. If heat inactivated, the S strain dies and becomes nonlethal. Type R Streptococcus pneumoniae is a nonvirulent strain of bacteria. What would occur if one were to inject both the R strain and heat-killed S strains into a host organism such as the mouse?
The R strain would be transformed into the virulent S strain and the host would die.
What quality of the traits that Mendel chose to study allowed him to establish the basic laws of inheritance?
The alleles that he studied were either dominant or recessive.
In order to produce human insulin in bacteria what must be done first?
The coding sequence of the genes which produce human insulin must be isolated.
Drag the correct word from the left into the sentence on the right to complete each sentence.
The enthalpy of a reaction is not affected directly by temperature. If a reaction has a negative change in free energy, then it will be exothermic. An increase in disorder is a form of entropy.
The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase is a pump that functions in the primary active transport of Ca2+ out of the cell. What features do you expect of this pump and the cellular environment? (Check all that apply.)
The extracellular Ca2+ concentration is higher than the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. It hydrolyzes ATP. It is capable of undergoing a conformational change. The affinity for Ca2+ is low when the pump is bound to phosphate.
Identify the four phases in the life cycle of a cell and place the events in order. Starting with events that occur immediately after the cell first forms.
The first gap (G1) phase is when most cell growth will occur; DNA is unreplicated. During synthesis (S) phase, the genetic material undergoes replication. The second gap (G2) phase occurs between chromosome replication and cell division. During M phase, the shortest phase, the cell undergoes both nuclear division (mitosis) followed by cell division (cytokinesis).
What do you predict would happen if flower growth became indeterminate?
The flowers would be enormous.
Which of the following is most likely to be true about the mouse and rat myosin genes?
The genes are similar in sequence, but not identical.
What can be said about the leading versus the lagging strand in DNA population?
The leading strand is replicated continuously for the entire length of the chromosome, while the lagging strand is replicated in pieces.
Water has fewer hydrogen atoms than lemon juice and a pH of around 7. Predict what will happen to the pH level of water when lemon juice is added.
The pH will become lower.
What is the function of the poly A tail?
The poly A tail increases mRNA stability in eukaryotes.
Two identical twins were separated at birth, one grew up in a prosperous home with ample food and time for rest. The other twin was tragically abandoned and grew up in and out of foster homes and living on the streets. After more than 20 years, the two twins were reunited, but despite their identical genomes, the twins looked very different. The most noticeable difference was their difference in stature, the prosperous twin was tall and well built, while the abandoned twin was short and scrawny. How can you explain these differences?
The poor twin was undernourished as a child, and as a result he was unable to reach the full potential of his genes.
Complete the sentences about plant cell wall structure and function with the correct terms.
The primary cell wall is flexible and allows cells to increase in size. The secondary cell wall provides considerable strength for the plant cell. The main component of the cell wall is cellulose. In plants, lignin is a metabolite that hardens the wall. Plant cell wall polysaccharides are made of repeating glucose molecules.
In the equation, C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O, ATP and heat would be on which side of the reaction?
The products because this is an exergonic reaction.
In all exergonic reactions,
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
Complete the sentences about ECM with the correct terms.
The strength of the ECM allows cartilage to resist compression. The ECM provides structural support for animal skeletons. The role of the ECM in cell organization is important for the attachment of tendons to bones. The role of the ECM in sensing the environment is provided by its cell signaling function.
Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of DNA?
The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction only.
Complete the sentences describing the properties of water that contribute to its role as a solvent.
The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a polar molecule. As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great solvent because water can break up and surround a solute, as long as it is not nonpolar, dissolving it into solution. The reason water behaves in this manner is because the partial positive charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the partial negative side of a polar molecule, while the partial negative charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the partial positive side of a polar molecule.
Use the correct terms to complete the sentences.
These semiautonomous organelles can grow and divide to reproduce themselves. But they are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal components. The mitochondria replicate within all eukaryotic cells and are involved in producing ATP from glucose. The chloroplasts replicate within plant cells and are involved in producing ATP by photosynthesis.
Which statement best describes the value of DNA microarrays to medical research?
They can determine how the environment can regulate genes that cause disease.
What is TRUE of restriction enzymes?
They protect bacterial cells from invasion by foreign DNA.
If you add the plant hormone auxin to one side of a plant, the cells exposed to the auxin elongate. If you measured auxin levels in a plant stem exposed to lateral light, what would you expect to find?
They would be lower on the illuminated side than on the shaded side, causing the plant to bend towards the light.
Biporter
This is not a Transporter.
Which membrane component is most important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?
Transmembrane proteins
Which of the following is an overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose?
Tumor
Why is Taq polymerase used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Unlike other DNA polymerases, Taq polymerase is heat stable and survives the 94 degree denaturation step in PCR.
Which characteristic of genetic material accounts for viruses that cause different diseases, such as the common cold and polio, in humans?
Variation within and between species
All of the following are chemical mutagens EXCEPT
X-rays.
A DNA library is
a collection of recombinant vectors containing DNA fragments of a given organism.
An X-linked gene is
a gene on the X chromosome.
Based on taxonomical classification, to which of the following organisms is the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) most closely related evolutionarily? a. Humans (Homo sapiens); phylum: Chordata, class: Mammalia b. The moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita); kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Cnidaria c. The sea anemone (Heteractis crispa); kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Cnidaria d. The phytoplankton (Micromonas pusilla); domain: Eukarya; kingdom: Protista e. The common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis); kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Mollusca
a. Humans (Homo sapiens); phylum: Chordata, class: Mammalia
When grouping organisms, which classification is most general for a particular type of organism? a. Kingdom b. Phylum c. Order d. Family e. Species
a. Kingdom
Decide which example is the result of each property of water.
a. Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C.Ice floats b. Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed.Turgid pressure in plants c. The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution.Solvent d. The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor.Evaporative cooling e. While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times.Cohesive force f. Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract.Lubricant g. The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules.Hydrolysis h. Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule.Dehydration reaction
Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things. Check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from nonliving things. Check all that apply: A. all living organisms are made up of one or more cells B. Only living organisms are complex C. all living organisms can reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations d. only living organisms are capable of movement e.only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving f.only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities g. only living organisms produce heat as a byproduct of chemical reactions h. all living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival i. only living organisms respond to external stimuli j. all living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number
a. all living organisms are made up of one or more cells c. all living organisms can reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations e.only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving f.only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities j.all living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number
Which level of organization is common to all life forms? a. cell b. tissue c. organ d. organism e. population
a. cell
Check all of the steps that accurately describe parts of the scientific method. a. Observe natural phenomena and develop a testable hypothesis to explain the observations. b. Design experiments in order to confirm predictions are correct. c. Analyze data from experiments and determine if the hypothesis is consistent with the data or not. d. Create a theory based on many data sets. e. Reject the hypothesis if it is inconsistent with the data.
a.Observe natural phenomena and develop a testable hypothesis to explain the observations. c. Analyze data from experiments and determine if the hypothesis is consistent with the data or not. e. Reject the hypothesis if it is inconsistent with the data.
DNA polymerase can be described as and enzyme that ____.
adds nucleotides to the 3′ end of a growing DNA strand.
Classify the essential plant nutrients according to whether they are primarily obtained from the air, soil, or both.
air: carbon both: oxygen soil: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium
Mitosis results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells. This is because
all the genetic material is duplicated then segregated equally to the daughter cells.
The two-factor crosses performed by Mendel support the observation that
alleles of one gene are distributed randomly among an individual's gametes, independent of the alleles for other genes.
The production of second messengers in signal transduction offers at least two advantages, speed and
amplification.
A ribozyme is _____.
an RNA that catalyzes a chemical reaction
If orange juice has a pH of 4 then it can be described as
an acidic solution.
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide gas is reduced and combined to form glucose. This is an example of
anabolism
Place the cytokinesis events into the correct category of organisms in which the event occurs.
animals: cleavage furrow plants: cell plate, cell wall both: mitosis complete just before cytokinesis, two daughter cells formed after cytokinesis
Fats and fatty acids
are insoluble in water
Most human embryos that are aneuploid
are spontaneously aborted in the first trimester.
In the periodic table, the value that refers to the number of protons and neutrons is
atomic mass.
The smallest functional unit and associated structures of a living organism are
atoms and their protons, neutrons, and electrons.
A cell secretes a growth factor that binds to receptors on its own membrane preventing it from proliferating. This is an example of
autocrine signaling.
When two atoms are bonded together via electrons, and one of those atoms has a greater pull upon the electrons shared, the bond formed would be __________. a. an ionic bond b. a polar covalent bond c. a nonpolar covalent bond d. a nonpolar bond
b. a polar covalent bond
Water (H2O) is critical to sustain life. One of its major roles is creating and breaking bonds in chemical reactions. Other significant roles of water include __________. (Check all that apply.) a. composing up to 30% of the human body b. acting as a solvent in the transport of dissolved substances around the body c. the protection and support of organs d. acting as the medium for white blood cell formation e. maintaining body temperature homeostasis
b. acting as a solvent in the transport of dissolved substances around the body c. the protection and support of organs e. maintaining body temperature homeostasis
When performing hypothesis testing, the steps that most accurately describe the process you must go through include __________. (Check all that apply.) a. create a natural phenomenon. b. analyze data to support or reject hypothesis. c. observe a natural phenomena. d. develop a theory based on observations. e. develop hypotheses to explain phenomena. f. design experiments to determine if predictions are correct or not.
b. analyze data to support or reject hypothesis c. observe a natural phenomena. e. develop hypotheses to explain phenomena f. design experiments to determine if predictions are correct or not.
In the process of biological evolution, new species may evolve through exchange of genes from one species to another. This process is called a. proteome transfer. b. horizontal gene transfer. c. vertical evolution. d. vertical descent with mutation. e. genomic sciences.
b. horizontal gene transfer.
An explanation for a biological process that is substantiated by a large body of evidence is called a a. hypothesis. b. theory. c. systems biology. d. reductionism. e. prediction.
b. theory.
If the tight junctions in the intestine were disrupted
bacteria could move from the intestines to the bloodstream causing an infection.
Bacteria, animal and plant cells have distinct features as well as features in common. Drag each feature to the cell type(s) with which it is associated. You may assign a feature to multiple cell types.
bacteria: cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, one circular chromosome animal: plasma membrane, ribosomes, membrane-bound organelles, multiple linear chromosomes, endomembrane system, mitochondria plant: cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, membrane-bound organelles, multiple linear chromosomes, endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts
A comparison of mitochondria and chloroplast shows that __________.
both generate ATP via a H+ electrochemical gradient
The organelles most likely to have to ability to divide and reproduce themselves like a cell would be
both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The pH in blood is around 7.4 and the pH in the stomach is around 1.5. The reason that these two highly different environments can coexist in the same body is that __________.
buffers in each system maintain the stability of the pH
A plant will begin flowering in response to changes in length of daylight, temperature, and light quality. This is an example of which unifying principle of life? a. Plants conduct photosynthesis. b. Living organisms maintain homeostasis. c. Living organisms interact with their environment. d. Living organisms grow and develop. e. Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next.
c. Living organisms interact with their environment.
A flower on a plant represents the _____ level of organization. a. atom b. cell c. organ d. organism e. population
c. organ
The grouping or classification of species is termed a. genus. b. kingdom. c. taxonomy.
c. taxonomy.
The first, innermost energy shell of an atom
can have a maximum of 2 electrons
The feature of carbon important for producing a diversity of organic molecules is
carbon can form both polar and nonpolar covalent bonds with various elements.
In animals, _____ is largely composed of extracellular matrix.
cartilage
The process of breaking glycogen down to glucose is an example of
catabolism.
When one atom loses an electron to another atom, it results in the formation of
cations and anions that can form ionic bonds.
A carcinogen is a chemical or treatment that
causes mutations that can affect gene activity.
The process through which cells can detect and respond to signals in their extracellular environment is called
cell communication.
________ is a polymer of glucose.
cellulose
Should a genetic abnormality arise, ________ prevent a cell from progressing uncontrollably through the cell cycle.
checkpoint proteins
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
chloroplast stroma
To make the skin more flexible and remove wrinkles ________ could be injected beneath a person's skin.
collagen
A vascular bundle
contains xylem and phloem.
The formation of the bivalent during meiosis
contributes to the genetic diversity of a species.
It is possible to manufacture a form of nitrogen that is usable by plants; however, the major drawback to this process is:
cost of converting nitrogen to a usable form.
The strongest chemical bonds are
covalent bonds
Where does glycolysis takes place?
cytosol
The most common eukaryotic ribosome carries out its function in the
cytosol.
All organisms in the Kingdom ____ can perform photosynthesis. a. Animalia b.Protista c.Fungi d. Plantae e. Bacteria
d. Plantae
The phenomenon through which populations of organisms change over several generations is termed a. homeostasis. b. growth and development. c. reproduction. d. biological evolution. e. organization.
d. biological evolution.
A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment is a/an a. population. b. organism. c. biosphere. d. ecosystem e. macromolecular community.
d. ecosystem
Whether the external temperature is hot or cold, birds maintain an internal body temperature of approximately 40°C. This is an example of a. metabolism. b. cellular respiration. c. growth and development. d. homeostasis. e. proteomics.
d. homeostasis.
Because more than one codon can specify the same amino acid, the genetic code is said to be
degenerate.
Isotopes are different forms of the same element that
differ in their number of neutrons.
Sodium ions move from one cardiac muscle cell to an adjacent cell causing them to contract in unison. This is an example of
direct intercellular signaling.
match the appropriate taxonomical group with correct collection of organisms in each row
domain supergroup kingdom phylum class order family genus species
When one oxygen atom shares two pairs of electrons with another oxygen atom, O2 is formed via a(n)
double covalent bond.
Plant photosynthesis and the consumption of plants by animals is best explained by what unifying principle of life? a. All living organisms are composed of similar structures. b. All living organisms maintain some level of homeostasis. c. All living organisms have evolved over the course of many generations. d. All living organisms maintain organization. e. All living organisms use energy.
e. All living organisms use energy.
After ATP donates a phosphate group in a couple reaction, it becomes ADP. The ADP can be converted back to ATP in a(an) ________ reaction.
endergonic
A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is correctly described as
endergonic.
Hormones are released from one cell and act on other cells in distant organs. This is an example of
endocrine signaling.
When insulin is secreted from the pancreas and acts on muscle cells to increase glucose uptake, this is an example of
endocrine signaling.
In plants, root nodules take up bacteria as nitrogen-fixing partners, while in animals, macrophages engulf bacteria to destroy them. Despite the differences, both processes use
endocytosis
A pesticide has been found to have a negative effect on different cell types. In some plants it stops the formation of root nodules and in humans it can stop macrophage from taking up bacteria and generally stops cells from taking up protein-bound nutrients. The cellular function most likely affected is
endocytosis.
The organelle responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destined for secretion by the cell is the
endoplasmic reticulum.
When a cell receives a signal, various cellular responses can occur. Click and drag the cellular responses to the type of proteins that would be involved in its regulation.
enzyme: alters metabolism, associated with breakdown of molecules structural proteins: altering cell shape, causing cell movement transcription factors: activate gene expression, change in sex characteristics
Root hairs are specialized
epidermal cells.
Which one of the following is not a major plant hormone?
ethanol
The release of the protein insulin from pancreatic cells occurs by
exocytosis.
Following a meal, glucose must move from the gut lumen where there is a high glucose concentration into the intestinal cell where there is a relatively low level of glucose. This movement is called
facilitated diffusion.
Osmosis describes the movement of water from an area of high to low solute concentration.
false
Somatic cell mutations are heritable
false
Your liver produces 90% of the cholesterol found in your body. When cholesterol levels get too high, the first enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol synthesis is inhibited. This is an example of
feedback inhibition.
If you were asked to build a model of a nucleotide, what structures would you need to represent in the model? (Check all that apply.)
five carbon sugar phosphate group base
The amount of available energy that can be used to do work is called
free energy
For heart muscles to beat in a coordinated rhythm ions must move from one cell to the next through ________.
gap junctions
The processes of transcription and translation are collectively known as
gene expression.
An organized unit of DNA sequences that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product is called a
gene.
Triglycerides are made of a __________ molecule linked to __________ fatty acids.
glycerol; 3
During a period of low water availability, the prokaryotic structure that would protect a cell from desiccation (drying out) is the
glycocalyx.
Which is not a lipid?
glycogen
DNA can be found in all of the following cellular locations EXCEPT the (Check all that apply)
golgi apparatus. plasma membrane.
One of the ways agricultural production of such fruits as tomatoes or cucumbers can be increased significantly is to grow them in:
greenhouses supplied with extra carbon dioxide.
During interphase, a eukaryotic cell would be expected to
grow, replicate its DNA, and prepare for mitosis.
Gravitropism is defined as:
growth in response to the force of gravity
Water
has cohesive properties.
Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes, in part because eukaryote cells
have a membrane-bound nucleus.
The best descriptive comparison between hemidesmosomes and desmosomes is
hemidesmosomes anchor cells to the ECM while desmosomes anchor cells to other cells.
Scientists working on an Arctic glacier discover a population of microbes living in frigid temperatures. Which component of the cell membrane might contribute to maintaining the fluidity of plasma membranes under freezing conditions?
high levels of unsaturated phospholipid tails within the lipid bilayer
Fuels such as gasoline are nonpolar and have high potential energy because they are largely composed of
hydrocarbons.
What type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of DNA?
hydrogen
All organic molecules contain
hydrogen and carbon
The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids_____________.
hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell
The major way that meiosis II differs from mitosis is that
in meiosis II, the cells are haploid.
Intervening sequences that are transcribed, but not translated into protein are called
introns.
The centromere
is a region of DNA where sister chromatids associate.
passive diffusion
is a spontaneous process
gene cloning
is the process of making multiple copies of a gene.
dehydration reaction
is used to form polymers
The plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase pump
is used to generate sodium and potassium gradients across the membrane.
How does an enzyme work to catalyze a reaction?
it lowers the activation energy of the reaction
Miller and Urey's work was groundbreaking because
it was the first attempt to apply scientific experimentation to understanding the origin of life.
Chlorosis in plants is a condition best explained by:
lack of certain minerals.
A significant role played by pH buffers is to
limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution
The major class of macromolecules that stores energy and makes up the major component of plasma membranes are
lipids
Due to the lack of an enzyme to break down lipids, excess accumulation of lipids in the brain leads to a human disease called Tay-Sachs syndrome. The organelles most likely to lack the proper enzyme needed for lipid breakdown are
lysosomes.
The molarity of a solution is
measure of solute concentration
The process by which haploid cells are produced from diploid cells is called
meiosis.
During which stage of meiosis would you find a cell with a diploid chromosome number and recombinant chromosomes?
metaphase I
When cancer cells have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body, they are said to be
metastatic.
The life cycle of a sexually reproducing multicellular organism must include which processes?
mitosis, meiosis, and fusion of the gametes.
An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.
nucleotide
The building blocks of DNA are
nucleotides
Identify the characteristic(s) that are associated with each cellular structure.
nucleus: contains DNA, contains a nucleolus plasma membrane: separates contents of cell from surroundings, made up of phospholipid bilayer endomembrane system: uses vesicles to transport proteins, sorts proteins for secretion cytosol: semifluid matrix, contains sugars, salts, and amino acids
Using the periodic table as a tool, identify the atomic characteristic that would most quickly and efficiently identify any single element.
number of protons and electrons
The LEAST hydrophilic substance is
oil
The substance most rich in unsaturated fats is
olive oil
If an enzyme catalyzes the reaction A + B → C, then
once the enzyme binds A and B it goes through a conformational change
Photosynthetic cells produce sugar and __________, which are then transported via the __________.
organic molecules; phloem
Cellular respiration produces the most energy in the form of ATP from
oxidative phosphorylation.
A cell secretes a growth factor that binds to receptors on neighboring cells causing them to proliferate. This is an example of
paracrine signaling.
The nucleotides within DNA are composed of a
phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
The organisms that most specifically utilize light energy to make organic molecules from inorganic molecules are __________.
photoautotrophs
photosynthesis vs cellular respiration
photosynthesis: takes in CO2, converts H2O to O2, produces organic molecules, found only in photoautotrophs cellular respiration: produces CO2, O2 exits as H2O, consumes glucose
Gap junctions in animal cells are most similar to ________ in plant cells?
plasmodesmata
When a single-gene mutation can have phenotypic effects at multiple stages of development, it is
pleiotropic.
When forming a list to describe the structures and organization of the nucleus, the main areas you would want to include are __________. (Check all that apply.)
pores allow molecules to enter and exit the nucleus rRNA is made in the nucleolus mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus chromatin, made up of protein and DNA, is stored in the nucleus
In a eukaryotic cell, the direct product of transcription is
pre-mRNA.
A tumor suppressor gene normally functions to
prevent development of cancer.
Altering the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme might
prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme's active site.
A plant performing photosynthesis will __________.
produce oxygen and consume carbon dioxide
cell wall is present in
prokaryotic and plant cells.
The arms of the sister chromatids dissociate from each other during ________ of mitosis.
prophase
The macromolecule composed of amino acids is a
protein
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in eukaryotic cells that produce
proteins.
The nucleus of an atom is composed of
protons and neutrons
You have engineered a new membrane protein in your lab that uses energy to transport a toxic solute out of a cell and against its gradient. This protein is therefore most like a
pump.
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into
pyruvate
A substrate binding to an enzyme is most similar to a signal molecule binding to a
receptor.
The primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst is to
reduce the energy of activation and increase the rate of a reaction.
In a catabolic reaction, electrons from food are
removed by oxidation and stored in NADH
Ethylene has the effect of causing fruits to:
ripen
The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane would be __________.
rough endoplasmic reticulum→ Golgi apparatus→vesicles →plasma membrane
Chromosomes are replicated during the ______ phase.
s
The mechanism of DNA replication is
semiconservative
The best way to describe cellular membranes is
semifluid with lipid rafts.
The portion of an amino acid that makes it unique among the 20 different amino acids is its
side chain or R-group.
For each substance determine if it would cross a membrane by simple or facilitated diffusion.
simple diffusion: gases, ethanol, water facilitated diffusion: sugars, salts, proteins
Most plants absorb water and minerals from the ________ and transport them through the ________.
soil; xylem
Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide have rapidly increased since the industrial revolution. Although bad for global warming, one positive outcome of this increase is that:
some crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers may experience enhanced growth rates.
Human males produce
sperm, half contain an X chromosome, half contain a Y chromosome.
Glycogen is to animal cells as ________ is to plant cells.
starch
The main structure for gas exchange in plants is called the __________.
stomata
A plant's ability to absorb carbon dioxide is reduced when:
stomata are closed.
Abscisic acid is an important signal, transported from roots to the stem and leaves during times of water stress, that prevents:
stomatal opening.
The main function of the nucleus is to __________.
store genetic information
Match the type of molecule that is involved in gene expression with the appropriate description.
structural RNA that links an amino acid to an anticodon: tRNA Contains information to be translated (as codons): mRNA and gene Forms part of the enzyme that drives translation: ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein
What serves as the "translator" or intermediary between an mRNA codon and an amino acid?
tRNA
Photorespiration
tends to occur under dry and hot conditions.
The protective layer outside of the plasma membrane of the plant cell is called
the cell wall.
At the end of meiosis I
the cells are haploid and the homologous pairs are in separate cells.
The color of petunia flower can be changed from red to blue by altering the pH of the soil. This is an example of
the environment influencing the phenotype.
NADPH is produced by
the light reactions alone
In a haploid dominant species
the multicellular organism is haploid, and only the zygote is diploid.
The atomic number of an atom is
the number of protons in the atom
Incomplete dominance is when
the phenotype of a heterozygote is not the same as either parent, but it is somewhere between the two parents.
In some cases, just a few hormone molecules binding to the surface of a cell can trigger a very large response because
the signal is amplified by activation of enzymes that each catalyze multiple reactions.
The ultimate source of energy for reactions in a plant is __________.
the sun
How can one distinguish between annuals, biennials, and perennials?
the time from seed germination to seed production
The single-factor crosses performed by Mendel support the observation that
the two alleles for a given gene are distributed randomly among an individual's gametes.
The energy for producing organic molecules in plants is directly driven by __________.
the use of light to provide electrons for oxidation and reduction reactions
Restriction enzymes are invaluable tools in gene cloning because
they cut at specific sites within the DNA and produce sticky ends allowing DNA from different sources to be joined together.
The main reason certain seeds germinate near the soil surface rather than deep in the soil is
they require light to germinate.
If contents of the intestines can leak into the blood then ________ must have been damaged.
tight junctions
The process that produces mRNA from DNA is called
transcription
The cohesion-tension theory explains the role of ________ in long-distance water transport.
transpiration
Symporter
transporter that carries two different ions or small molecules, both in the same direction
Cancers originate from a single cell.
true
Diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high to low concentration.
true
Environment can have an influence on the range of phenotypes seen in a population.
true
In humans, one set of chromosomes is made up of 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
true
Most plasmids used in biotechnology contain a selectable marker such as an antibiotic-resistance (ampR) gene.
true
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient can drive the movement of a different molecule against its concentration gradient
true
Nitrogen is one of the most abundantly applied fertilizers worldwide.
true
Sunlight can actually be so intense that photosynthesis can be stopped.
true
The expression "one bad apple spoils the whole bunch" probably has to do with the action of ethylene on fruit ripening.
true
The main purpose of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is to generate many copies of a region of DNA.
true
The word meristem is derived from a Greek word meaning to divide.
true
p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that acts as a sensor of DNA damage.
true
Meiosis I produces ________ cells, and meiosis II produces ________ cells.
two haploid, four haploid
The specialized structure that stores pigments, water, inorganic ions and maintains turgor pressure is the
vacuole.
If you wanted to install lights to grow plants indoors, the type of light would you want to use is __________.
visible light, because it has low energy wavelengths
Plants often do not survive indoors because they lack adequate amounts of: (Check all that apply)
water, minerals, light
Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have the shared property that
when either type of gene is mutated, cancer can result.
Without the work of Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick would not have known
which nucleotides could pair together. how many strands of DNA made up the molecule. the shape of the molecule. the width of the molecule.
A recessive allele: Check all that apply.
will be masked by the dominant allele in simple Mendelian traits can be on either the maternal or the paternal chromosome will have an effect on an organism's phenotype if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele
Indicate which of the items are transported in xylem and which are transported in phloem?
xylem: water, minerals phloem: sugars, organic compounds