INTRO TO COMPUTING MODULE 1-2

Artificial Intelligence (AI

- Artificial Intelligence continues to be a trend to watch because its effects on how we live, work and play are only in the early stages. - AI refers to computers systems built to mimic human intelligence and perform tasks such as recognition of images, speech or patterns and decision making. - AI can do these tasks faster and more accurately than humans.

organizations for computer professionals

- Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)—science-oriented - Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP)—programmers, systems analysts, and information processing managers

database system certifications

- Awarded for knowledge of a specific database management system - Test the various tasks a database management staff must perform

networking certifications

- Awarded to professionals who demonstrate expertise in planning, installing, managing, and troubleshooting a network

Edge Computing

- Cloud computing has become mainstream, with major players AWS (Amazon Web Services), Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud dominating the market. - Cloud computing is no longer the emerging technology. Edge is. - Edge computing is designed to help solve some problems of cloud computing as a way to bypass the latency caused by cloud computing and getting data to a data center for processing.

user group

- Collection of people with common computer equipment or software interests

career opportunities in computer sales

- Computer sales people need general understanding of computers and specific knowledge of the product they are selling

expected demand for computer professionals

- Currently 10.5 million computer workers with expected increase of 2 to 3% annually - The number of students majoring in computer-related fields is declining

How does certification benefit customers, employers, and industry?

- Customers receive better service from employees with certification(s) - Employers benefit from more productive and knowledgeable workers - Certification is a form of industry self-regulation - Institute for Certification of Computer Professionals (ICCP) defines standards designed to raise competence level for computer industry

Cyber Security

- Cyber security might not seem like emerging technology but it is evolving just as other technologies are. - Hackers will continue to find ways to get through even the toughest security measures. - New technology is being adapted to enhance security. - As long as we have hackers, we will have cyber security as an emerging technology because it will constantly evolve to defend against those hackers.

Information Technology Department

- Department in business or government agency that employs people in computer-related jobs - Responsible for keeping all computer operations and networks operating smoothly

Transistors

- Developed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947. made up of semi-conductors. - Used to control the amount of current or voltage or used for amplification/modulation or switching of an electronic signal.

computer forensics certifications

- Discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and networks - Certificate holds are considered highly credible during computer crimes cases

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

- EDUCATION -HEALTH CARE -FINANCE -GOVERNMENT -SCIENCE -PUBLISHING -MANUFACTURING -TRAVEL

What is professional growth and continuing education?

- Events such as workshops, seminars, conferences, conventions, and trade shows *CES—trade show that brings together hundreds of vendors and more than 130,000 attendees - Training in form of books, video-based training, computer-based training (CBT), Web-based training (WBT), and instructor-led training

vacuum tube

- First Generation (1940-1956) of Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes - Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside. - Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.

application software certifications

- Focus on knowledge of application software - Sometimes called end-user certifications

operating system certifications

- Focus on particular skills—user, operator, system administrator, and system engineer - Differing levels of certification

Elements of computer system

- Hardware - software - people -data - procedures

Disadvantages of using computers

- Health Risks -violation of privacy -public safety -impact on labor force - impact on environment

Information Technology

- IT professionals possess the right combination of knowledge and practical, hands-on expertise to take care of both an organization's information technology infrastructure and the people who use it. - They assume responsibility for selecting hardware and software products appropriate for an organization. - They integrate those products with organizational needs and infrastructure, and install, customize and maintain those applications, thereby providing a secure and effective environment that supports the activities of the organization's computer users.

Information Technology

- Information technology (IT) is a label that has two meanings. In common usage, the term "information technology" is often used to refer to all of computing. - As a name of an undergraduate degree program, it refers to the preparation of students to meet the computer technology needs of business, government, healthcare, schools, and other kinds of organizations.

Machine Learning

- Machine Learning is a subset of AI. - Computers are programmed to learn to do something they are not programmed to do. - They learn by discovering patterns and insights from data. - Neural networks, natural language processing (NLP), and deep learning are some subsets of Machine Learning.

Internet of Things

- Many "things" are now being built with WiFi connectivity, meaning they can be connected to the Internet—and to each other. - IoT enables devices, home appliances, cars and much more to be connected to and exchange data over the Internet. - The number of IoT devices reached 8.4 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach 30 billion devices after 3 years.

security certifications

- Measure a candidate's ability to identify and control security risks to computer resources

Blockchain

- Most people think of blockchain technology in relation to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. - Blockchain offers security that is useful in many other ways. In the simplest of terms, blockchain can be described as data you can only add to, not take away from or change. -Blockchains are consensus-driven so no one entity can take control of the data.

certification

- Process of verifying technical knowledge in a particular area. - Proficiency is acknowledged with certificate. - Enhances employee's career, provides better standing as industry professional, and higher salaries and bonuses - Vendors provide access to technical information, advanced training, and discounts on publications and tools

computer information systems (CIS)

- Programs that emphasize technical knowledge and skills - Sometimes called management information systems (MIS) or management information technology

computer science (CS)

- Programs that stress theoretical side of programming and operating systems - Also called software engineering.

Robotic Process Automation or RPA

- RPA is the use of software to automate business processes such as interpreting applications, processing transactions, dealing with data, and even replying to emails. - RPA automates repetitive tasks that people used to do. - These are not just the menial tasks of a low-paid worker: up to 45 percent of the activities we do can be automated, including the work of financial managers, doctors and CEOs.

Computer Science

- Ranges from theory through programming to cutting-edge development of computing solutions. - It offers a foundation that permits graduates to adapt to new technologies and new ideas. - Most computer science programs require some mathematical background.

hardware certifications

- Recognition of general knowledge of hardware and controlling software needed to set up, maintain, and repair a computer -Can be narrowly or broadly focused

programming certifications

- Recognition of programming training - Broadens knowledge and skill base

Internet certifications

- Require technical expertise in networking hardware and configuration - Include Web management, Web programming, and Web development certifications

career opportunities in education and training

- Schools, colleges, universities, and private companies need educators and trainers. - Corporate trainers teach employees how to use software, design and develop systems, and program

What options are available to prepare for certification?

- Self-study - Online training classes - Web resources - Instructor-led training

How do companies advertise computer-related job openings?

- Some Web sites specialized in helping people find jobs. - Some allow job seekers to submit resumes online

What are examinations like? (certification)

- Taken using computers -Some are multiple choice, others are skill based -With computerized adaptive testing, the tests analyze a person's responses while taking the test

computer engineering

- Teaches students how to design and develop the electrical components found in computers and peripheral devices. - Required courses include application and systems programming, data and file structures, networks, and operating systems.

Second Generation (1956-1963) of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

- Transistors were widely used in computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes and allowed computers to be smaller in size, faster in speed, and cheaper to build.

IT require special skills

- Understanding how networked systems are composed and structured, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. -important software systems concerns such as reliability, security, usability, and effectiveness and efficiency for their intended purpose

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)

- Virtual Reality (VR) immerses the user in an environment. - Augment Reality (AR) enhances their environment. - Although VR has primarily been used for gaming thus far, it has also been used for training. - Both have enormous potential in training, entertainment, education, marketing, and even rehabilitation after an injury.

Input Device

- allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer

Slide Rule (1630)

- based on Napier's rules for logarithms - used until 1970s

Abacus

- beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in Asia!

personal computer

- can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself

Information System

- concerned with the information that computer systems can provide to aid a company, non-profit or governmental organization in defining and achieving its goals. - also concerned with the processes that an enterprise can implement and improve using information technology

server

- controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network

Work of Computer Systems

- designing and building software - developing effective ways to solve computing problems, such as storing information in databases, sending data over networks or providing new approaches to security problems - devising new and better ways of using computers and addressing particular challenges in areas such as robotics, computer vision, or digital forensics

mainframe

- is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously

embedded computer

- is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) i

- is an electrical computer containing thousands of vacuum tubes that utilizes punch cards and switches for inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data. Released in 1951 and 1952 when first developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

computer

- is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory

supercomputer

- is the fastest, most powerful computer *Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second

third generation (1964-1971

- of computers introduced the use of IC (integrated circuits) in computers. Using IC's in computers helped reduce the size of computers even more compared to second-generation computers, as well as make them faster.

Catergories of Computers

- personal computers -servers - mobile computers and mobile devices - game consoles - mainframe - supercomputers - embedded computers

IS Professional Must :

- understand both technical and organizational factors - be able to help an organization determine how information and technology enabled business processes can provide a foundation for superior organizational performance

Analytical Engine

- was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. - It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's Difference Engine, a design for a simpler mechanical computer.

Enterprise User

-Communicate among employees -Process high volumes of transactions -Blog

Mobile User

-Connect to other computers on a network or the Internet -Transfer information -Play video games -Listen to music -Watch movies

Small Office/Home Office User

-Look up information -Send and receive e-mail messages -Make telephone calls

What is the computer equipment field?

-Manufacturers and distributors of computers and computer-related hardware. - Careers involve design, manufacture, and production of computer equipment

Home User

-Personal financial management -Web access -Communications -Entertainment

computer service and repair field

-Provides preventative maintenance, component installation, and repair services - Computer technician—installs, maintains, and repairs hardware

jacquard Loom (1804) Joseph Marie Jacquard

-is a device fitted to a power loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé.

game console

-is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games

Advantages of Using Computers

-speed -reliability -consistency - storage -Communications

Hardware Elements

A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware

How can you stay informed about the computer industry?

Computer industry publications News, blogs, and technical Web sites

DATA

Computer transform data into information. Data is the raw material. Information is processes data. Data is the input to be processed; information is the output. -are the steps that you must follow to accomplish a specific computer-related task. Part of a user's computer literacy is knowing common procedures.

DATA AND INFORMATION

Data - Raw, unprocessed -Meaningless Information -Processed data -Meaningful and can be used in many significant ways

biggest advancements that led to modern computers

Electricity Transistor Microchip Data storage

Communication Device

Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers

Grace Hopper

Programmed UNIVAC Recipient of Computer Science's first "Man of the Year Award" -The first computer "bug" Relay switches part of computers Grace Hopper found a moth stuck in a relay responsible for a malfunction Called it "debugging" a computer

Information Processing Cycle

STEP 1 :Collects data (input) STEP 2: Processing Step 3 : Produces information (output)

People

You may be surprised to learn that people are part of the computing process. Some computers, such as the computer chip that controls an automobile engine, function without human intervention. But even these computer were designed by people and occasionally require maintenance by people. Most computer require people, who are called users (or sometimes end users.)

Software,

also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them - System Software Operating system Utility program - Application System

Project leader

analyzes requirements, designs solutions, and oversees software development process

Procedures

are the steps that you must follow to accomplish a specific computer-related task. Part of a user's computer literacy is knowing common procedures.

System Unit

case that contains electronic components of the computer that are used to process data

Software engineer

designs and develops software

A programmer

develops software or writes the instructions that direct the computer to process data into information

Output Device

hardware component that conveys information to one or more people

Green computing

involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer Strategies include: Recycling Regulating manufacturing processes Extending the life of computers Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers

Information

is a term used to describe text that is informative to the individual reading it or the computer processing it.

Installing

is the process of setting up software to work with the computer, printer, and other hardware

fifth generation (2010-present)

of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting technology that has many potential applications around the world. Leaps have been made in AI technology and computers, but there is still much room for improvement.

fourth generation (1972-2010)

of computers took advantage of the invention of the microprocessor, more commonly known as a CPU. Microprocessors, along with integrated circuits, helped make it possible for computers to fit easily on a desk and for the introduction of the laptop.

Storage Device

record (Writes) and/or retrieves(reads) items to and from storage media

Computer scientist

researches, invents, and develops solutions to complex software problems

Programmer

writes and tests computer programs