Intro to Education Ch. 1-5

Intelligence

An individual's capacity to learn from experience and to adapt to the environment. It differs from academic achievement, knowledge, and skillful ability in one domain or another.

Core curriculum

The curriculum that emphasizes a particular body of knowledge within the subject areas that all student should learn.

Static Content

The curriculum that teachers are responsible for teaching. It is static because it does not change.

Activity curriculum

The designing of educational experiences based on the interest of particular students at a particular time.

Mentoring

The process by which an experienced educator helps a less experienced educator in some aspect of teaching or professional development in a one-on-one setting.

Divergent thinking

The process of taking information and creating new ideas or adapting it in original ways.

Convergent thinking

The process of taking one or more sources of information and drawing conclusions about their characteristics or implications.

Reflection

The process of thinking critically about experiences or observations and making connections with other ideas and/or drawing inferences for further consideration.

Certification

The process one undergoes to obtain a teaching license.

Curriculum

The program by which a school meet its educational goals. It includes planned and unplanned experiences embolism means and materials with which students interact.

Intelligence quotient

The relationship between a person's mental age and his or her chronological age. A score 100 is considered average.

Gender

The social aspect of sexuality: behaviors that are considered masculine or feminine.

Multiculturalism

The social psychology perspective of how various cultural groups interface with each other.

Quadrivium

The study of four subjects-arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy-in the medieval University.

Explicit curriculum

The subjects that will be taught, the identified mission of the school, and the knowledge and skills that the school expects successful students to acquire.

Null curriculum

" The options students are not afforded; the perspectives they may never know about, much less be able to use; the concepts and skills that are not a part of their intellectual repertoire."

English language learners (ELLs)

Refers to students who are in the process of acquiring English language skills and knowledge.

Learning disability

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, either spoken or written, which manifests itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.

License

A document that certifies that the holder has successfully completed an education program and one or more areas of education.

Autism spectrum disorder

A group of developmental disorders that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges.

Professional organization

A group of educators organized to promote a particular interest. A group may be general scope or subject specific.

Strategy

A means of coordinating the implementation of a set of procedures. A strategy combines subject matter, techniques, and the skills for implementing instruction.

Direct Instruction

A means of delivering instruction by specifically explaining or demonstrating a skill and having the students attempt to replicate it.

Cooperative learning

A philosophy and of the practices in which heterogeneous groups of students work together on clearly defined and meaningful goals.

Inclusion

A model in which an exceptional-education teacher provides assistance in a regular classroom to a student who has been identified as having a disability identified by one of the related laws.

National Board for professional teaching standards (NBPTS)

A national organization that establishes rigorous standards by which teachers can be certified by demonstrating exemplary classroom performance reflecting critically on the effectiveness of the curriculum and instruction strategies and the needs of diverse learners.

Pedagogy

The art and science of teaching children.

Affective perspective

The aspect of the curriculum that emphasizes feeling and valuing.

Humanism

A philosophy that emphasizes the value and the meaning of education rather than the mere dissemination and acquisition of facts.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both, that is more frequently displayed and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.

Cognitive perspective

The aspect of the curriculum that focuses on the acquisition of knowledge.

Emotional/behavioral disorder

A condition that exhibits one or more of the specific characteristics over a long time and to a marked degree that adversely affect students educational performance.

Outcome-based education (OBE)

The practice of establishing the specific expected outcomes of education.

Critical needs area

1. A professional area in which there is a shortage of teachers. 2. A geographic area where it is difficult to secure sufficient numbers of certified and qualified teachers.

Clinical practice

A culminating experience and a teacher education program that provides an extended opportunity for the prospective teacher to show for responsibility, under the guidance of the supervising teacher, for providing instruction to an entire class.

Student-centered curriculum

A curriculum that emphasizes the natural interest and curiosity of the student.

Subject-centered curriculum

A curriculum that emphasizes the subjects that all students should learn.

General education

A program of courses and almost every college and university student is required to take.

Professional education

A program of education courses to provide overviews of topics important for prospective teachers.

Charter school

A public school formed or reconstituted to deal with either special concerns of the community or with a particular group in order to secure greater degree of school and local control.

Local education agency

A separate school district responsible for administrating the education program for a county, city, or other local education unit.

Praxis series

A series of three test developed by Educational Testing Service. Prospective teachers take these test at various points in the professional preparation program.

Inquiry

A sophisticated technique that attempts to engage students generating relevant and meaningful questions about the topic under consideration.

Certification examination

A standardized achievement test, frequently from the praxis series, that prospective teachers must pass before receiving their certification.

American Federation of teachers (AFT)

A teachers union formed in 1916. It is part of the American Federation of labor/Congress of industrial organizations umbrella. Its membership, although nationwide, is more concentrated in large population centers in the north.

Mental modeling

A technique used to foster students ability to direct their own learning. It involves careful modeling of the cognitive processes required to solve problems.

Portfolio

A visual and physical record of achievement.

Cultural pluralism

Acceptance of and interaction among multiple cultures in one society.

Professional Development

Activities in which educators engage to expand their knowledge, skills, and general competence or contribute to the profession.

Extracurriculum

All of the school sponsored programs that are intended to supplement the academic aspect of the school experience.

Broad fields curriculum

Also known as integrated, or fused, curriculum, it attempts to make logical connections among various subject areas and encourages the application of the information to real-life situations.

Discovery learning

An approach to instruction that focuses on students personal experiences as a foundation for conceptual development. Students are expected and assisted to use their prior knowledge as a basis for making inferences and drawing conclusions.

Mainstream

An approach to integrating students with special needs into the general education population.

Lecture

An instructional technique in which the teacher takes the active role of providing information,while students take a more passive role by listening. It is characterized by limited dialogue between teacher and student.

Drill and practice

An instructional technique that emphasizes the repetition of previously learned information or skills to hone the skill or provide a strong cognitive link to the information to increase the likelihood of remembering it.

Accreditation agency

An organization, that certifies that it's institutions teacher preparation program has met a series of rigorous standards.

English as a second language (ESL)

Any program designed to teach English to non-speakers of English while providing instruction and the various areas of the curriculum.

Sex

Biological distinction between male and female.

Alternative certification

Certification that does not include study in a teacher preparation program. It may involve on-the-job coursework or, at a minimum, passing a test in the subject area to be taught, with the person having a college or university degree in any field.

Methods courses

Courses that address diagnostic, instructional, and evaluation strategies as they relate to specific subjects.

Specialization courses

Courses that focus on the teaching of a particular subject or other topics related to curriculum and instruction.

E-publishing

Electronic publishing that enables each state to custom tailor text materials to a specific interest.

Clinical internship

Experience during which a prospective teacher engages in classroom activities by observing, assisting a teacher and students, or participating in other educational activities. Sometimes called field service or internships.

Special interest groups

Groups that advocate and lobby for a particular direction, focus, or policy. A group may represent the interests of a particular culture, ethnicity, religious group and address issues from liberal or conservative perspective.

Parent-teacher organization (PTO)

His school-based organization attempts to strengthen the relationship between parents and the school by promoting open communication and activities that involve the joint participation of parents and teachers.

Trivium

In medieval Europe, an educational curriculum based on the study of grammar, rhetoric, and logic.

Limited English proficiency (LEP)

Refers to one who has a native language other than English and limited ability to speak, read, or understand English

Question and answer

Instructional technique in which the teacher poses questions soliciting content-specific responses from the student.

Character education

Introduction of moral and ethical issues into the curriculum together with the traditional subject matter.

Discussion

Involves the interchange of ideas. With this approach, the teacher hopes to develop greater depth of ideas to foster the manipulation of information for solving problems rather than just a acquisition of knowledge.

Site-based management

Legal ability of the school to conduct its own governance, subject to specific local, state, and federal requirements. Charter schools are an example of site-based management.

Monitoring

Observing student academic and social behavior, both individually and collectively, during a variety of activities.

Gender bias/sexism

Preferential treatment toward or discrimination against individuals or groups based on their gender or sex.

Professional development schools

Public schools that function in close cooperation with a colleges or universities teacher education program. Many prospective teachers do their field service/practicum/internship and student teaching in the professional development school.

Ethnicity

Sense of common identity based on common ancestral background and sharing of common values and beliefs.

Mastery learning

Series of educational practices based on the belief that given the appropriate instruction and sufficient study time, all students can meet the specified learning standards.

At-risk students

Students who are achieving sufficiently below the potential or grade level, or both, so as to be unable to acquire the confidence needed to function in the larger society.

Gifted and talented

Students who show evidence of high-performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields, and require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school to fully develop such capabilities.

Flexibility

The ability to make adaptations or major changes in diagnostic, instructional, or evaluative procedures or classroom management based on an awareness of student behavior. It depends on careful monitoring.

Reciprocity

The act of accepting in one state the credentials issued in another state.

Add-on certification

The addition of one or more areas of certification. It requires successful completion of additional coursework and a passing score on the corresponding standardized achievement test such as Praxis.

Sexual stereotyping

The expection the male individuals should fill particular roles while female individuals should fill other roles.

Dynamic Content

The knowledge and skills that a teacher uses to do the teaching. This can change at any time based on what is happening in the immediate environment.

National education Association (NEA)

The largest professional association for teachers, administrators, and other school personnel.

Implicit curriculum

The lessons that arise from the culture of the school and behaviors, attitudes, and expectations that characterize that culture.

Learning styles

The means by which individuals learn best.

Base salary

The minimum amount paid to an educator based on his or her certification(s), job description, and years of experience.

Standardized testing

The use of norm-referenced tests to determine the performance of individual students, the grade and school achievement levels, and the progress of students from one year to the next.

Culture

The values, attitudes, and beliefs that influence the behavior in the traditions of a people. They are social, not biological, dimensions.

Diversity

The ways in which individuals and groups differ from each other.

Constituencies

Those groups of people to whom educators are responsible. They include students, parents, the community in general, the school administration, and their colleagues.

Adoption states

Those states that narrow the list of eligible textbooks to a small number and require school districts to select materials from that list.

Role models

Those who engage in personal and professional behavior that provides an opportunity for students to observe desirable characteristics and practice.