Intro to Global Health

WHO defines an adolescent as a person: 1)10-14 years of age 2)10-19 years of age 3)14-19 years of age 4)20-24 years of age

10-19 years of age

Injuries as a share of the total burden of deaths vary by region from: 1)5 to 20% of total deaths 2)25 to 30% of total deaths 3)6 to 15% of total deaths 4)20 to 25% of total deaths

6 to 15% of total deaths

Sex-selective abortion refers to: 1)Abortion of a female fetus 2)Abortion of a male fetus 3)Abortion of a fetus based on the sex of the child to be 4)Abortion of any fetus, male or female

Abortion of a fetus based on the sex of the child to be

Unsafe abortions are: 1)Abortions performed by a provider with inappropriate technique and in unhygienic circumstances 2)Abortions provided illegally 3)All of these are correct 4)Abortions provided in unlicensed clinics

Abortions performed by a provider with inappropriate technique and in unhygienic circumstances

Diseases to which resistance is a significant issue include 1)Malaria 2)All of these are correct 3)TB 4)Gonorrhea

All of these are correct

Environmental risk factors include: 1)Unsafe water and sanitation 2)Household air pollution 3)Ambient particulate matter pollution 4)All of these are correct

All of these are correct

Keeping adolescent females in school longer can: 1)All of these are correct 2)Reduce the risks of early marriage 3)Reduce the risks of early pregnancy 4)Reduce the risks of HIV

All of these are correct

Some of the pressures leading to the development of resistant strains of bacteria include: 1)All of these are correct 2)Counterfeit drugs, Poor prescribing practices 3)Poor patient compliance with taking prescribed drugs 4)Overuse of antibiotics

All of these are correct

Strengthening a young woman's ability to negotiate safe sex may require measures such as: 1)All of these are correct 2)Ensuring young women have enough income to avoid engaging in transactional sex 3)Ensuring greater empowerment of young women 4)Keeping young women in school longer

All of these are correct

The "three delays" include: 1)The delay of identifying a complication of pregnancy 2)The delay in transporting a pregnant woman to emergency obstetric care 3)The delay in providing appropriate emergency obstetric care 4)All of these are correct

All of these are correct

The Ministry of Agriculture and Industry can help to improve health by: 1)Enabling better distribution of "healthy foods" 2)Promoting the farming and sale of "healthy foods" 3)All of these are correct 4)Discouraging the production of "unhealthy foods", such as high fructose corn syrup

All of these are correct

To reduce deaths from road traffic injuries, a government should promote: 1)All of these are correct 2)Better engineering, better enforcement, safer cars 3)Traffic calming efforts, such as roundabouts and speed bumps 4)Graduated licensing, stricter enforcement of drunk driving laws

All of these are correct

To reduce the uptake of tobacco smoking by adolescents, countries should: 1)Offer tobacco cessation programs 2)Tax cigarettes, prohibit advertising of tobacco products 3)Ban sales to minors 4)All of these are correct

All of these are correct

The Alma Ata Declaration refers to: 1)An approach to the health of children 2)An approach to primary health care 3)An approach to humanitarian relief 4)An approach to the health of women

An approach to primary health care

A noncommunicable disease is one that: 1)Has a non-infectious cause 2)Can spread from animal to human 3)Cannot be spread from person to person by an infectious agent 4)Can spread from human to animal

Cannot be spread from person to person by an infectious agent

How does the burden of communicable diseases vary as country incomes go up: 1)Communicable diseases go down 2)The burden of communicable diseases varies widely 3)Communicable diseases go up 4)Communicable diseases stay about the same

Communicable diseases go down

The one injury cause from which females die more than males in low- and lower middle-income countries is: 1)Falls 2)Poisonings 3)Drownings 4)Fire

Fire

The global partnership which leads work on child vaccination is: 1)UNICEF 2)Save the Children 3)The Global Fund 4)Gavi

Gavi

The rates of female genital mutilation (FGM) are: 1)Varying up and down 2)Going down 3)Staying the same 4)Going up

Going down

The number of people in the world with diabetes is: 1)Staying about the same 2)Not following any consistent trend 3)Going down 4)Going up

Going up

The leading direct cause of maternal mortality worldwide is: 1)Sepsis 2)Diabetes 3)Hemorrhage 4)Conditions of hypertension

Hemorrhage

A child suffering from birth asphyxia: 1)Is severely deficient in oxygen 2)None of these are correct 3)Has a good oxygen supply 4)Has good circulation

Is severely deficient in oxygen

The leading cause of death for women of all ages worldwide is: 1)Maternal death 2)Diabetes 3)COPD 4)Ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease

As country incomes rises, what would you generally expect to happen to the burden of noncommunicable diseases as a share of the total disease burden? 1)It should go up 2)It should stay about the same 3)There is no consistent relationship between the two 4)as country incomes rise It should go down

It should go down

A primary risk factor for diabetes is: 1)Tobacco consumption 2)High cholesterol 3)Lack of physical activity 4)Hypertension

Lack of physical activity

More than 90% of the disaster related deaths in the world occur in: 1)Low- and middle-income countries 2)Latin America 3)Asia 4)Sub-Saharan Africa

Low- and middle-income countries

Three of the five leading causes of death from communicable diseases globally are: 1)Lower respiratory infections, TB, HIV 2)Measles, rubella, tetanus 3)Measles, diphtheria, malaria 4)Measles, TB

Lower respiratory infections, TB, HIV

The most common cause of cancer death globally is: 1)Colorectal 2)Breast 3)Prostate 4)Lung

Lung

Private sector firms have: 1)Many incentives to produce medical products to meet the health needs of poor people in poor countries 2)Many disincentives to produce diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines to meet the health needs of the poor in low-income countries 3)Good incentives to produce drugs to address parasitic and infectious diseases that affect low-income countries 4)Many incentives to produce vaccines to meet the health needs of children in low-income countries

Many disincentives to produce diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines to meet the health needs of the poor in low-income countries

As country income goes up, generally the percentage of deaths for children under the age of five represented by neonatal deaths: 1)Goes up 2)Goes down 3)Stays the same 4)Does not follow any pattern

NOT Goes down

The region in which injuries are the highest share of total deaths is: 1)South Asia 2)Latin America and the Caribbean 3)The Middle East and North Africa 4)Sub-Saharan Africa

NOT South Asia

The region in which fire deaths are most common for females is: 1)Sub-Saharan Africa 2)South Asia 3)Latin America and the Caribbean 4)East Asia and the Pacific

NOT Sub-Saharan Africa OR East Asia and the Pacific PROBABLY SOUTH ASIA

The elimination of diseases refers to: 1)The end of an epidemic 2)The curtailing of reemergence of a disease 3)The disease no longer being present in a specific place 4)There no longer being any cases or transmission in the world

NOT There no longer being any cases or transmission in the world OR The curtailing of reemergence of a disease

Complex humanitarian emergencies can include: 1)Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions 2)War, famine 3)All of these are correct 4)Floods, tsunamis

NOT War, famine, PROBABLY ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT

Which of the following statements about Xpert is false? 1)Xpert can diagnose both drug susceptible TB and TB that is resistant to rifampicin 2)Xpert can provide a diagnostic test for TB that is more sensitive and specific than sputum smear microscopy 3)Xpert has the possibility of substituting for all other forms of diagnostics for drug resistant TB 4)Xpert does not avoid the need for culturing some sputum smears

NOT Xpert can diagnose both drug susceptible TB and TB that is resistant to rifampicin PROBABLY OPTION 3??

In Daniel Mains' article Chewing over the Future, the young men Mains interviewed typically consider the following as part of an ideal male life course EXCEPT: 1)be able to support their extended family 2)chew khat and experience mirqana 3)find well-paid government employment 4)Finish secondary school

NOT be able to support their extended family OR find well-paid government employment

Adolescents and young adults globally are seeing increasing rates of: 1)Obesity 2)Measles 3)Stroke 4)Malaria

Obesity

A cost-effective approach to addressing diarrhea in low-income settings is: 1)Anti-diarrheal antibiotics 2)Oral rehydration therapy 3)Intravenous fluids 4)Both intravenous fluids and oral rehydration therapy

Oral rehydration therapy

Addressing malaria requires, among other things: 1)Vaccination 2)People sleeping under bed-nets, indoor residual spraying 3)People sleeping under bed-nets, indoor residual spraying, intermittent treatment of pregnant women and infants and early confirmed diagnosis and treatment 4)Intermittent treatment of pregnant women and infants, early confirmed diagnosis and treatment

People sleeping under bed-nets, indoor residual spraying, intermittent treatment of pregnant women and infants and early confirmed diagnosis and treatment

Vaccine preventable diseases include: 1)Hookworm, measles 2)Tetanus, schistosomiasis, measles 3)Pertussis, measles, tetanus 4)Pertussis, diphtheria, hookworm

Pertussis, measles, tetanus

To best protect the health of adolescents, it is especially important to: 1)Stop the spread of measles 2)Stop the spread of malaria 3)Preserve the gains made in the past few decades in child health 4)Stop the spread of parasitic infections

Preserve the gains made in the past few decades in child health

The most "ideal" vaccine for TB would: 1)Prevent drug susceptible TB 2)Prevent all forms of active TB disease 3)Be heat tolerant 4)Prevent any form of TB infection - latent or active

Prevent any form of TB infection - latent or active

One great value of the pentavalent vaccine is that it: 1)Costs less than the older generation of vaccines 2)Is noninvasive 3)None of these are correct 4)Reduces the number of contacts needed to fully immunize a child

Reduces the number of contacts needed to fully immunize a child

Telemedicine-based medical consultations can be most useful for enhancing the quality of care in: 1)Settings where the physicians on the ground are well trained 2)Settings where there is a lack of medical specialists 3)Settings where people don't have the time to go to a physician 4)All of these are correct

Settings where there is a lack of medical specialists

HPV is associated with: 1)Breast cancer 2)Cervical cancer 3)Some mouth and throat cancers 4)Some mouth and throat cancers and also cervical cancer

Some mouth and throat cancers and also cervical cancer

An internally displaced person is: 1)Someone who leaves their home 2)Someone who leaves their home because of forced displacement of perceived political, economic or other threat but who has not crossed an international border 3)Someone who leaves their home to live in another country 4)None of these are correct

Someone who leaves their home because of forced displacement of perceived political, economic or other threat but who has not crossed an international border

Alcohol is an important risk factor for adolescents, except in which regions: 1)Europe and Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean 2)South Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean 3)Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe and Central Asia 4)South Asia and The Middle East and North Africa

South Asia and The Middle East and North Africa

In which region would you expect to find the highest maternal mortality ratio? 1)South Asia 2)Sub-Saharan Africa 3)The Middle East and North America 4)Latin America and the Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa

The region with the highest rate of deaths of children under the age of five is: 1)Sub-Saharan Africa 2)Latin America and the Caribbean 3)South Asia 4)The Middle East and North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

The fertility rate among older adolescents is higher in what regions: 1)Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean 2)Europe and Central Asia and South Asia 3)South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean 4)North Africa and the Middle East, South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean

The most cost-effective approach to reducing injury and deaths from motorcycles is to: 1)Take a community-based approach to requiring and enforcing the use of helmets when riding a motorcycle 2)Increase traffic enforcement 3)Require better emergency services at hospitals 4)Mandate that motorcycles should themselves be safer

Take a community-based approach to requiring and enforcing the use of helmets when riding a motorcycle

The foundation with the largest portfolio in global health is: 1)The Rockefeller Foundation 2)The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 3)The Buffett Foundation 4)The Ford Foundation

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

A trigger for the health effects of a CHE is when: 1)The crude death rate is four times the normal rate 2)The crude death rate is twice the normal rate 3)The crude death rate is six times the normal rate 4)The death rate among a refugee population is above normal

The crude death rate is twice the normal rate

Neonatal refers to: 1)The first 21 days of life 2)The first days of life 3)The first 28 days of life 4)The first 14 days of life

The first 28 days of life

In a whole of government approach: 1)None of these are correct 2)The government works across agencies in a coordinated way to identify and address health issues 3)A few government agencies work on health 4)The health ministry is responsible for implementing all measures to improve health

The government works across agencies in a coordinated way to identify and address health issues

Zoonoses refers to: 1)The spread of infection from animals to people 2)Both The spread of infection from people to animals and the spread of infection from animals to people 3)The spread of infection from people to animals 4)The spread of infection from animals to people and back again to animals

The spread of infection from animals to people

The "social determinants of health" include: 1)The way people love 2)The way people live and work and the wider systems shaping the conditions of daily life 3)Sex 4)Age

The way people live and work and the wider systems shaping the conditions of daily life

Some of the typical characteristics of CHEs are: 1)They tend to be concentrated and of short duration 2)Their effects can be of long duration, many people are disrupted 3)They have only direct effects 4)The indirect effects are usually minimal

Their effects can be of long duration, many people are disrupted

What are the relative costs of treating a drug susceptible form of disease, compared to treating a resistant strain of the same disease? 1)They are higher 2)They are about the same 3)There is no pattern 4)They are lower

They are lower

What are the most important reasons below to develop a vaccine against hookworm? 1)People like vaccines more than they like drugs 2)Vaccines are more-cost-effective than drugs 3)Vaccines are easier to administer than drugs 4)To keep ahead of resistance and reduce the need for regular mass drug administration

To keep ahead of resistance and reduce the need for regular mass drug administration

Some of the UN Agencies involved in health include: 1)Gavi, The Global Fund 2)AusAID, DANIDA 3)USAID, DFID 4)UNICEF, WHO, UNAIDS

UNICEF, WHO, UNAIDS

In most low- and middle-income countries, you would expect the rate of infant mortality to: 1)Be about the same across regions 2)Vary by income group and region 3)Be about the same across income groups 4)To follow no consistent pattern by region and income group

Vary by income group and region

Who is more susceptible biologically to the transmission of HIV through vaginal sex? 1)No answer text provided. 2)Women 3)Men 4)Men and women are equally susceptible

Women

From Mendenhall 2017, she writes that three ways in which a syndemic framework can advance medicine, public health and human rights includes the following EXCEPT: 1)a focus on an "index" disease allows more focused analysis and resources to reduce important NCDs 2)enables understanding how certain individuals, families and communities are consigned to harmful environments making them more vulnerable 3)syndemic knowledge makes it possible to identify effective interventions at both policy and clinical levels 4)provides a lens for recognizing how social, political, and ecological factors create and perpetuate structural vulnerabilities

a focus on an "index" disease allows more focused analysis and resources to reduce important NCDs

The syndemics concept has the following core features EXCEPT: 1)a focus on time, including public health dynamics, changing health policies, and the individual management of chronic disease 2)large-scale social forces that precipitate disease clustering 3)the clustering of two or more diseases within a population 4)the biological, social, and psychological interaction of those diseases

a focus on time, including public health dynamics, changing health policies, and the individual management of chronic disease

According to Wendland (2018), maternal mortality statistics: 1)are notoriously uncertain 2)are often not included in evaluations of global health priorities 3)commonly overrepresent the total number of deaths 4)are relatively straightforward and easy to collect

are notoriously uncertain

As described in Wendland (2018), social epidemiologist Nancy Krieger was the first to explicitly ask: 1)does sexism harm health? 2)does domestic violence harm health? 3)does poverty harm health? 4)does racism harm health?

does racism harm health?

COVID-19 is an example of a: 1)noncommunicable disease 2)re-emerging infectious diseases 3)injury 4)emerging infectious disease

emerging infectious disease

According to Nguyen, epidemics thrive on: 1)fear 2)love 3)community engagement 4)community mistrust

fear

In Daniel Mains' article Chewing over the Future, he argues that a principal struggle among young urban men in Ethiopia is: 1)low population densities 2)high unemployment 3)competition with other men over few women 4)abuse of cocaine and marijuana

high unemployment

Stefan Grobe described UN leaders as "shocked" that the US lacked: 1)legislation that prevented all convicted domestic abusers access to guns 2)mandatory standards for workplace accommodation for pregnant women, post-natal mothers and persons with care responsibilities, which are required in international human rights law. 3)a significant number of scholars, activists, and policy makers working toward expanding women's rights 4)a comprehensive system in place to reduce income disparities by gender, race, and class, as most other high-income countries have done

mandatory standards for workplace accommodation for pregnant women, post-natal mothers and persons with care responsibilities, which are required in international human rights law.

According to Kenworthy et al. 2019, the 'biomedical turn' included the promotion of to the detriment of 1)Gilead's Truvada PrEP treatment; efforts at health system strengthening 2)efforts at health system strengthening; Gilead's Truvada PrEP treatment 3)privatized, technological, and supposedly cost-effective interventions; long-term support for lifetime ARV treatment 4)long-term support for lifetime ARV treatment; privatized, technological, and supposedly cost-effective interventions

privatized, technological, and supposedly cost-effective interventions; long-term support for lifetime ARV treatment

As Farmer (1996) writes, "many political borders serve as semipermeable membranes, often to diseases, and yet . 1)mostly closed; also closed to the free movement of cures 2)Open; engaged in collaboration and sharing of research, science, and preventative efforts to stem disease spread 3)closed; infrequently engaged in collaboration and sharing of research, science, and preventative efforts to stem disease spread 4)quite open; closed to the free movement of cures

quite open; closed to the free movement of cures

As Fuentes (2020) argues, as humans, our is usually a benefit, but becomes a perfect pathway for viral invasions: 1)solationist tendency 2)ethnocentrism 3)curiosity 4)socialness

socialness

According to Farmer (2014), what is the formula for effective action against Ebola? 1)staff, stuff, space, and systems 2)addressing the syndemic nature of Ebola in Liberia, and focusing on its synergies with PTSD burden 3)a minimum basic package of emergency treatment services 4)cost-effective interventions that can be easily measured

staff, stuff, space, and systems

According to Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, what place consumes more energy each year than the whole of Liberia? 1)the Bellagio hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada 2)Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 3)the Dallas Cowboys football stadium 4)the city of Mumbai, India

the Dallas Cowboys football stadium

An irony Stefan Grobe highlights in his article is that: 1)the US is a leader in articulating human rights standards, but allows women to lag behind 2)Political leaders in the US frequently belittle other countries for their human rights failings, but rarely consider our own 3)the US is a leader in articulating human rights standards, but allows men to lag behind 4)the US currently chairs the International Criminal Court (ICC), but rarely brings cases up against its own government's wrongdoing

the US is a leader in articulating human rights standards, but allows women to lag behind

According to Farmer, what is to blame for Ebola's rapid spread in Liberia? 1)violence 2)previously unknown mode of transmission 3)unprecedented virulence 4)weak health systems

weak health systems

An example of a "global public good" is: 1)The development of a drug against cancer 2)Clean air 3)Both clean air and a new vaccine against TB 4)A new vaccine against TB

Both clean air and a new vaccine against TB

Pull mechanisms to encourage drug and vaccine development could include: 1)Both prizes for successful development of the desired product and patent extensions on other products of the firm that develops the desired product. 2)Tax Credits 3)Prizes for successful development of the desired product 4)Patent extensions on other products of the firm that develops the desired product

Both prizes for successful development of the desired product and patent extensions on other products of the firm that develops the desired product.

Some of the impediments to the private sector development of drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines to meet the needs of low-income people in low-income countries include: 1)The potentially higher returns from other investments 2)Their perception that there is "no market" for such products and that they could not recover their costs from low-income countries and their people 3)Both their perception that there is "no market" for such products and that they could not recover their costs from low-income countries and their people and the potentially higher returns from other investments 4)Insufficient investment capital

Both their perception that there is "no market" for such products and that they could not recover their costs from low-income countries and their people and the potentially higher returns from other investments

Behavioral risk factors include: 1)Unsafe water and sanitation 2)Tobacco smoking 3)Both tobacco smoking and high sodium intake 4)High sodium intake

Both tobacco smoking and high sodium intake

A realistic and cost-effective starting point for emergency services in low-income countries could be: 1)Creating more Level I hospitals 2)Emergency transport 3)Major expansion of emergency rooms in hospitals 4)Training more trauma surgeons

Emergency transport

A major problem with traditional birth attendants (TBAs), like Madame Bwa in the film Sister, is their persistent use of unproven, non-biomedical methods and their resistance to referring women in distress to biomedical facilities: 1)True 2)False

False

Kelley et al. (2020) argue that locally-tailored solutions to the COVID-19 pandemic as it emerges in LMICs should be avoided, and national health systems should rely on the advice and guidance laid out by the WHO, rather than their own expertise:

False