Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology

responsiveness

ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment and adjust accordingly (characteristic of life)

growth

an increase in size of body or body part due to increases in cell size, cell number or substances surrounding cell (characteristic of life)

dorsal cavity

cavity along the posterior side of the body made of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

pericardial cavity

cavity that surrounds the heart

development

changes in the organism from conception to death

visceral peritoneum

covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral pericardium

covers the heart

pleural membranes

each lung is enclosed and protected by a double-layered serous membrane (two layers are parietal and visceral)

postive/excitatory feedback

feedback which amplifies or speeds up the system (labor, blood clotting)

negative/inhibitory feedback

feedback which slows down or inhibits the system

reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms

ventral cavity

includes the front of the body (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)

organism level

level of organization when organ systems make up an organism

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

levels of organization

parietal peritoneum

lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphargm

peritoneal cavity

located between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum

homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

pericardial pericardium

membrane surrounding the heart

experimentation

physiologists rely on _____________

visceral pleura

pleura that covers the lungs

parietal pleura

pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm

serous membrane

secrete serous fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes; protects organs from friction

pericardial membranes

serous membranes of the percardial cavity, visceral and pericardial pericardium

organization

specific relationships among body parts (characteristic of life)

physiology

studies the functions of the parts of the body or asks the question, "How do they work?"

cytology

study of cellular structures

pathological anatomy

study of structural changes associated with disease

embryology

study of structural changes from conception through 8th week of gestation

developmental anatomy

study of structural changes from conception to death

regional anatomy

study of structures associated with a specific area of the body

radiographic anatomy

study of structures using imaging techniques such as x-rays, PET scan, CAT scan, ultrasound

systemic anatomy

study of the body by systems

gross anatomy

study of the structures without the aid of a microscope

histology

study of tissues or groups of cells

metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions within the body; necessary for growth, development, movement and responsiveness (characteristic of life)

pleural cavity

surrounds each lung and is covered by the visceral pleura

thoracic cavity

the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart

parietal pericardium

the tough fibrous outer membrane (of the pericardial sac) that attaches to the sternum & thoracic vertebrae & diaphragm

effector

(homeostatic mechanism) "responder"

control

(homeostatic mechanism) center which consists of a part of the nervous system or endocrine system

input

(homeostatic mechanism) change in the internal environment

response

(homeostatic mechanism) output

afferent

(homeostatic mechanism) signal which is sent to a central control center

efferent

(homeostatic mechanism) signal which is sent to an effector

receptor

(homeostatic mechanism) structures which detect the change

pericardial cavity

(subdivision of thoracic cavity) contains the heart

observation, dissection

Anatomists rely on ___________ and __________.

structure

Anatomy deals with the _________ (morphology) of the body and its function.

function

Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its function.

Atoms combine to form molecules

Describe the "chemical level" of the human organism?

Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Describe the "tissue level" of the human organism?

systemic, surface, regional, developmental, embryology, pathological, radiographic

Identify seven subdivisions of anatomy....

chemical level

Level of organization when atoms combine to form molecules

cell level

Level of organization when molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells

organ level

Level of organization when organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system

tissue level

Level of organization when similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

negative-feedback mechanisms

Most systems of the body are regulated by ______ _______ ______________, which maintain homeostasis

pleural cavities

Right and Left areas containing lungs, on either side of the mediastinum

spinal cavity

Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal.

kidneys

The ______ produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.

pleural

The _______ cavity is located between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura

peritoneal cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the _________ ______

endocrine, nervous

The two body systems which serve as a control center for homeostasis are the ________ and _______ systems

visceral pericardium

This is the thin, inner layer of the pericardial sac that closely adheres to the heart.

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive

What are the 11 major organ systems?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the four primary tissue types?

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are the six levels of organization for the human body?

receptor, control center, effector

What are the three components to many negative-feedback mechanisms?

heart, blood vessels, blood

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs

What does the digestive system consist of?

glands (pituitary) that secrete hormones

What does the endocrine system consist of?

ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

What does the integumentary system consist of?

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

testes, ducts, penis

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

What does the muscular system consist of?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

What does the nervous system consist of?

lungs, respiratory passages

What does the respiratory system consist of?

bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints

What does the skeletal system consist of?

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

What does the urinary system consist of?

pericardial cavity, two pleural cavities

What three serous membranes-lined cavities does the thoracic cavity contain?

serous membranes

_______ __________ cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities

organ system

a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions