Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology
responsiveness
ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment and adjust accordingly (characteristic of life)
growth
an increase in size of body or body part due to increases in cell size, cell number or substances surrounding cell (characteristic of life)
dorsal cavity
cavity along the posterior side of the body made of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
pericardial cavity
cavity that surrounds the heart
development
changes in the organism from conception to death
visceral peritoneum
covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
visceral pericardium
covers the heart
pleural membranes
each lung is enclosed and protected by a double-layered serous membrane (two layers are parietal and visceral)
postive/excitatory feedback
feedback which amplifies or speeds up the system (labor, blood clotting)
negative/inhibitory feedback
feedback which slows down or inhibits the system
reproduction
formation of new cells or new organisms
ventral cavity
includes the front of the body (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)
organism level
level of organization when organ systems make up an organism
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
levels of organization
parietal peritoneum
lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphargm
peritoneal cavity
located between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
homeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment
pericardial pericardium
membrane surrounding the heart
experimentation
physiologists rely on _____________
visceral pleura
pleura that covers the lungs
parietal pleura
pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm
serous membrane
secrete serous fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes; protects organs from friction
pericardial membranes
serous membranes of the percardial cavity, visceral and pericardial pericardium
organization
specific relationships among body parts (characteristic of life)
physiology
studies the functions of the parts of the body or asks the question, "How do they work?"
cytology
study of cellular structures
pathological anatomy
study of structural changes associated with disease
embryology
study of structural changes from conception through 8th week of gestation
developmental anatomy
study of structural changes from conception to death
regional anatomy
study of structures associated with a specific area of the body
radiographic anatomy
study of structures using imaging techniques such as x-rays, PET scan, CAT scan, ultrasound
systemic anatomy
study of the body by systems
gross anatomy
study of the structures without the aid of a microscope
histology
study of tissues or groups of cells
metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions within the body; necessary for growth, development, movement and responsiveness (characteristic of life)
pleural cavity
surrounds each lung and is covered by the visceral pleura
thoracic cavity
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
parietal pericardium
the tough fibrous outer membrane (of the pericardial sac) that attaches to the sternum & thoracic vertebrae & diaphragm
effector
(homeostatic mechanism) "responder"
control
(homeostatic mechanism) center which consists of a part of the nervous system or endocrine system
input
(homeostatic mechanism) change in the internal environment
response
(homeostatic mechanism) output
afferent
(homeostatic mechanism) signal which is sent to a central control center
efferent
(homeostatic mechanism) signal which is sent to an effector
receptor
(homeostatic mechanism) structures which detect the change
pericardial cavity
(subdivision of thoracic cavity) contains the heart
observation, dissection
Anatomists rely on ___________ and __________.
structure
Anatomy deals with the _________ (morphology) of the body and its function.
function
Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its function.
Atoms combine to form molecules
Describe the "chemical level" of the human organism?
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Describe the "tissue level" of the human organism?
systemic, surface, regional, developmental, embryology, pathological, radiographic
Identify seven subdivisions of anatomy....
chemical level
Level of organization when atoms combine to form molecules
cell level
Level of organization when molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells
organ level
Level of organization when organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system
tissue level
Level of organization when similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
negative-feedback mechanisms
Most systems of the body are regulated by ______ _______ ______________, which maintain homeostasis
pleural cavities
Right and Left areas containing lungs, on either side of the mediastinum
spinal cavity
Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal.
kidneys
The ______ produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.
pleural
The _______ cavity is located between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura
peritoneal cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the _________ ______
endocrine, nervous
The two body systems which serve as a control center for homeostasis are the ________ and _______ systems
visceral pericardium
This is the thin, inner layer of the pericardial sac that closely adheres to the heart.
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive
What are the 11 major organ systems?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are the four primary tissue types?
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the six levels of organization for the human body?
receptor, control center, effector
What are the three components to many negative-feedback mechanisms?
heart, blood vessels, blood
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
What does the digestive system consist of?
glands (pituitary) that secrete hormones
What does the endocrine system consist of?
ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands
What does the female reproductive system consist of?
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
What does the integumentary system consist of?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
testes, ducts, penis
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
What does the muscular system consist of?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
What does the nervous system consist of?
lungs, respiratory passages
What does the respiratory system consist of?
bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints
What does the skeletal system consist of?
kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
What does the urinary system consist of?
pericardial cavity, two pleural cavities
What three serous membranes-lined cavities does the thoracic cavity contain?
serous membranes
_______ __________ cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities
organ system
a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions