INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM
Aristotle believes that simply studying philosophy will make one virtuous
False
Believing that God exist increases the probability that God does in fact exist
False
An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as
Consistency with our considered moral judgments
If inductive arguments succeed in lending very probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be weak.
False
Philosophy means "love of science"
False
James says that a genuine option is
Forced live and momentous
Aristotle believes that moral virtues can best be acquired through
practice and habit
The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the
straw man fallacy
Virtues are
Moral states
According to James a live option is a
Real possibility to someone
For Hick Soul making is an essential part of a possible theodicy
True
Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible that is, they give us
Arguments
When you read a philosophical essay, you are simply trying to glean some facts from it as you might if you were reading a science text or technical report
False
Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is _____.
Greater and greater
Many fields of study evolved out of philosophy
True
Socrates preferred death to exile
True
According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch
shows purposefulness
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has ______ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure
an unhealthy soul
An argument is synonymous with persuasion
False
Anselm thinks god is a being that exists in understanding alone
False
James thinks that in the search for truth above all else we must avoid being in error
False
The point of pascals wager is to prove that God exists
False
Kant asserts that happiness is the sole end of human action
Galse
Maggie says their religious experiences are
Generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause
Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is
God
Some designs arguments are framed as
Inferences to the best explanation
A moral theory explains not wild one event causes another but one action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad
True
According to 2014 survey, 63 percent of Americans believe in God with absolute certainty
True
According to David Humes's character, philo, since the universe is not perfectly ordered, the existence of a deity is unlikely
True
According to ethical egoism people always act out of self interest
True
From the fact that cultures have divergent moral believes on an issue it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth
True
Hake concludes that this world is well adapted to the purpose of soul making
True
Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a
Universal law
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as
appeal to popularity
According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is
impossible
According to cultural relativism some cultures moral codes are better than others
False
Alan Dershowitz believes that torture can never be morally justified
False
Any type of declarative statement is an argument
False
By the lights of cultural relativism cross cultural moral disagreement as possible
False
By the lights of cultural relativism cross cultural moral disagreement is possible
False
Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident
False
Cultural relativism implies moral progress as possible
False
Cultural relativism implies that moral progress is possible
False
Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for other cultures
False
In Hicks view, because God is good and loving the environment that he has created for human life is naturally is pleasant and comfortable as possible
False
Kant argues that the moral law is conditional
False
Most scientists agree with behe
False
Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian god
False
Moral theories that say that the rightness of action depends solely on their consequences are
Consequentialist
Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to
Darwinian evolution
Philo declares that this world is the perfect product of a perfect deity
False
Philo demonstrated that Anselms argument was sound
False
Philosophy, being an ancient art, cannot be applied to modern social problem such as racism
False
Rule utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends on solely on the relative good produced by individual actions
False
Scientists and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe
False
Socrates died at a young age
False
Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis
False
According to Mill to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another we must
Determine which pleasure most experience people prefer
Mill says that the ultimates end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in
Enjoyments
Questions like: "what is knowledge?" And "what is truth?" Are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as
Epistemology
For subjectivist everyone's moral views are
Equally plausible
Mayo believes that the moral worth of an action depends on one's motives
False
________ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument
Equivocation
Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true in God the slacks reasons for his commands then
Gods decisions are arbitrary
Hake believes that such evils as poverty oppression persecution and war are
Manifestations of human sin
According to hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is
Necessary
Pasco believes that when it comes to the question of gods existence
Reason can't decide
If you assume that a set of statement is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as
Reductio and absurdum
Heck says the idea of a person who can be infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly is
Self-contradictory
Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to
Serve her own self interest
The fallacy of _______ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some direct outcome
Slippery slope
A question and answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
Socratic method
Act utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depends
Solely on the relative good produced by individual actions
For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to
Soul
If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be
Strong
A question and answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
The Socratic method
Critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary we must assume that God issues commands based on
The best possible reasons
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called
the philosophical method
According to Craig, the Kalam cosmological argument establishes that the
the universe has a cause
A moral theory explains
why an action is right or wrong
Mill argues that the greatest happiness principle is
The standard of morality
Aristotle says that virtue is a mean lying between two vices
True
Hick asserts there it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible
True
If one goes through life with many false fundamental beliefs, it can lead to misspent or misdirected life
True
In philosophy and in other kind of rational inquiry accepting a conclusion without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning
True
Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker -- even if we had never seen a watch made.
True
Pascal believes that belief in God is a rational act
True
Pasco advises those who are unable to believe in God to control their passions and act as if they believed
True
Philosophy's sphere of interest is vast, encompassing fundamental beliefs drawn from many places
True
Rowe asserts that it is reasonable to believe that God does not exist
True
The oracle of Delphi said that Socrates was the wisest man, and he tried to prove the Oracle wrong
True
This classic argument, "The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists", is an example of begging the question.
True
Utilitarianism is the view that right actions are those that maximize the overall well being of everyone involved
True
A good argument must have (1) solid logic and (2)
True premises
Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically
Valuable
For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for
What's true and real
Pasco says that if you bad that God exist and he does in fact exist you
When infinite happiness and lose nothing
A moral theory explains
Why an action is right or wrong
To kant making a lying promise would be wrong because
You could not consistently will the everyone should make lying promises
According to Socrates a clear sign that a person has ______ is her exclusive pursuit of social status wealth, power, and pleasure
an unhealthy soul
According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations
cannot evolve a biological system
Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____.
cannot exist
Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are _____.
consequentalist
And the moral life feelings are
essential and inevitable
Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that
exists only in the understanding
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are
inductive
In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the
premises
Utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for
All concerned
Male declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than
A fool satisfied
Row argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being
Actually exist
Psychological egoism is a doctrine that the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is
His or her own self interest
The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandra in the fifth century was
Hypatia