INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM

Aristotle believes that simply studying philosophy will make one virtuous

False

Believing that God exist increases the probability that God does in fact exist

False

An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as

Consistency with our considered moral judgments

If inductive arguments succeed in lending very probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be weak.

False

Philosophy means "love of science"

False

James says that a genuine option is

Forced live and momentous

Aristotle believes that moral virtues can best be acquired through

practice and habit

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the

straw man fallacy

Virtues are

Moral states

According to James a live option is a

Real possibility to someone

For Hick Soul making is an essential part of a possible theodicy

True

Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible that is, they give us

Arguments

When you read a philosophical essay, you are simply trying to glean some facts from it as you might if you were reading a science text or technical report

False

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is _____.

Greater and greater

Many fields of study evolved out of philosophy

True

Socrates preferred death to exile

True

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch

shows purposefulness

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has ______ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure

an unhealthy soul

An argument is synonymous with persuasion

False

Anselm thinks god is a being that exists in understanding alone

False

James thinks that in the search for truth above all else we must avoid being in error

False

The point of pascals wager is to prove that God exists

False

Kant asserts that happiness is the sole end of human action

Galse

Maggie says their religious experiences are

Generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is

God

Some designs arguments are framed as

Inferences to the best explanation

A moral theory explains not wild one event causes another but one action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad

True

According to 2014 survey, 63 percent of Americans believe in God with absolute certainty

True

According to David Humes's character, philo, since the universe is not perfectly ordered, the existence of a deity is unlikely

True

According to ethical egoism people always act out of self interest

True

From the fact that cultures have divergent moral believes on an issue it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth

True

Hake concludes that this world is well adapted to the purpose of soul making

True

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a

Universal law

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as

appeal to popularity

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is

impossible

According to cultural relativism some cultures moral codes are better than others

False

Alan Dershowitz believes that torture can never be morally justified

False

Any type of declarative statement is an argument

False

By the lights of cultural relativism cross cultural moral disagreement as possible

False

By the lights of cultural relativism cross cultural moral disagreement is possible

False

Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident

False

Cultural relativism implies moral progress as possible

False

Cultural relativism implies that moral progress is possible

False

Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for other cultures

False

In Hicks view, because God is good and loving the environment that he has created for human life is naturally is pleasant and comfortable as possible

False

Kant argues that the moral law is conditional

False

Most scientists agree with behe

False

Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian god

False

Moral theories that say that the rightness of action depends solely on their consequences are

Consequentialist

Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to

Darwinian evolution

Philo declares that this world is the perfect product of a perfect deity

False

Philo demonstrated that Anselms argument was sound

False

Philosophy, being an ancient art, cannot be applied to modern social problem such as racism

False

Rule utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends on solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

False

Scientists and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe

False

Socrates died at a young age

False

Swinburne argues that theism is a very complex hypothesis

False

According to Mill to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another we must

Determine which pleasure most experience people prefer

Mill says that the ultimates end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in

Enjoyments

Questions like: "what is knowledge?" And "what is truth?" Are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as

Epistemology

For subjectivist everyone's moral views are

Equally plausible

Mayo believes that the moral worth of an action depends on one's motives

False

________ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument

Equivocation

Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true in God the slacks reasons for his commands then

Gods decisions are arbitrary

Hake believes that such evils as poverty oppression persecution and war are

Manifestations of human sin

According to hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is

Necessary

Pasco believes that when it comes to the question of gods existence

Reason can't decide

If you assume that a set of statement is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as

Reductio and absurdum

Heck says the idea of a person who can be infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly is

Self-contradictory

Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to

Serve her own self interest

The fallacy of _______ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some direct outcome

Slippery slope

A question and answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

Socratic method

Act utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depends

Solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to

Soul

If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be

Strong

A question and answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

The Socratic method

Critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary we must assume that God issues commands based on

The best possible reasons

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

the philosophical method

According to Craig, the Kalam cosmological argument establishes that the

the universe has a cause

A moral theory explains

why an action is right or wrong

Mill argues that the greatest happiness principle is

The standard of morality

Aristotle says that virtue is a mean lying between two vices

True

Hick asserts there it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible

True

If one goes through life with many false fundamental beliefs, it can lead to misspent or misdirected life

True

In philosophy and in other kind of rational inquiry accepting a conclusion without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning

True

Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker -- even if we had never seen a watch made.

True

Pascal believes that belief in God is a rational act

True

Pasco advises those who are unable to believe in God to control their passions and act as if they believed

True

Philosophy's sphere of interest is vast, encompassing fundamental beliefs drawn from many places

True

Rowe asserts that it is reasonable to believe that God does not exist

True

The oracle of Delphi said that Socrates was the wisest man, and he tried to prove the Oracle wrong

True

This classic argument, "The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists", is an example of begging the question.

True

Utilitarianism is the view that right actions are those that maximize the overall well being of everyone involved

True

A good argument must have (1) solid logic and (2)

True premises

Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically

Valuable

For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for

What's true and real

Pasco says that if you bad that God exist and he does in fact exist you

When infinite happiness and lose nothing

A moral theory explains

Why an action is right or wrong

To kant making a lying promise would be wrong because

You could not consistently will the everyone should make lying promises

According to Socrates a clear sign that a person has ______ is her exclusive pursuit of social status wealth, power, and pleasure

an unhealthy soul

According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations

cannot evolve a biological system

Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____.

cannot exist

Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are _____.

consequentalist

And the moral life feelings are

essential and inevitable

Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that

exists only in the understanding

Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are

inductive

In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the

premises

Utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for

All concerned

Male declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than

A fool satisfied

Row argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being

Actually exist

Psychological egoism is a doctrine that the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is

His or her own self interest

The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandra in the fifth century was

Hypatia