Intro to Psychology Ch 8: Memory

the person administering the lineup doesn't know which photo belongs to the suspect - minimizing the possibility of giving leading clues

blind photo lineup

when old info hinders the recall of newly learned info

proactive interference

when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

proactive interference

a non-profit group that works to exonerate falsely convicted people, including those convicted by eyewitness testimony

the innocence project

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

semantic memory

the kind fo memory involves storage of brief events e.g. sights, sounds and tastes

sensory

types of bias

stereotypical; egocentric; hindsight

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

the concept that describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

suggestibility

George Miller researched the capacity of memory and found that most people can retain about _____ in STM

7 plus or minus 2

due to storage decay an average person will lose 50% of the memorized info after _______ and 70% of the info after _______

20 minutes; 24 hours

the 3 stages of storage first proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin is represented by the

Atkinson-Shiffrin (A-S) model of human memory

a procedure in cognitive psychology used to study false memories in humans (Participants recalled hearing the word "sleep" even though they did not actually hear it in a list of 15 sleep-related words; Inaccuracies in the flashbulb memory)

Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm

_________ analyzed the process of memorization and created the _________

Ebbinghaus; forgetting curve

_____ explored the question of whether memories are stored in just one part of the brain or many different parts by making lesions (using a soldering iron) in the brains of animals e.g. rats and monkeys

Karl Lashley

in order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through 3 distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and

LTM

encoding info occurs through _____

automatic processing and effortful processing

who proposed a model where short-term memory has different forms?

baddeley and hitch

memories distorted by your current belief system

bias

who first demonstrated semantic encoding by asking people to memorize 60 words categorized into 4 categories of meaning

William Bousfield

refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention

absent-mindedness

Unable to form new memories (but still procedural memories)

anterograde amnesia

unable to form new episodic or semantic memories but are still able to form new procedural memories

anterograde amnesia

the theory/hypothesis that suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences from weak memories

arousal theory

the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words usually done w/o any conscious awareness

automatic processing

organizing info into manageable bits / chunks

chunking

we process memories in the same way that a ______ process info according to the A-S model

computers

the formulation of new memories

construction

a technique in which you think about the meaning of the new info and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

elaborative rehearsal

_____ involves the input of info into the memory system

encoding

when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins

encoding failure

the 3 functions of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

Lashley was searching for evidence of a group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory" aka

engram

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

equipotentiality hypothesis

the type of memories we consciously try to remember and recall

explicit memories

recall of false autobiographical memories

false memory syndrome

an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

flashbulb memory

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters as well as hormones

flashbulb memory phenomenon

what is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember a piece of info, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other info and memories to make it more meaningful

memories that are not part of our consciousness

implicit memories

memory functions cerebellum

implicit memories

the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve info over different periods of time

memory

repeated activity by neurons = increased neurotransmitters in the synapses = more synaptic connections

memory consolidation

the step to rehearsal, which is the conscious repetition of info to be remembered in order to move it form STM into LTM is called

memory consolidation

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

misinformation effect paradigm

cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Loftus developed the (after exposure to incorrect information, person may misremember the original event)

misinformation effect paradigm

the growth of new brain cells in the hippocampus

neurogenesis

memory functions of the hippocampus (hint: H.M.)

normal recognition memory, spatial memory, memory consolidation, declarative and episodic memory

researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ------

object recognition and maze running

accessing info w/o clues

recall

3 ways you can retrieve info out of your LTM storage system

recall, recognition, relearning

the process of bringing up old memories

reconstruction

memory functions of the amygdala

regulating emotions (also involved w/ memory consolidation)

when info learned more recently hinders the recall of older info

retroactive interference

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma

retrograde amnesia

the tendency for an individual to have better memory for info that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

self-reference effect

what are 2 components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

according to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal info best?

semantic encoding

elaborative rehearsal is aka Craik's and Lockhart's

theory of levels of processing

the 7 sins of memory

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

what are the 3 short-term systems of baddeley's and hitch's model?

visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop