Intro to Psychology Ch 8: Memory
the person administering the lineup doesn't know which photo belongs to the suspect - minimizing the possibility of giving leading clues
blind photo lineup
when old info hinders the recall of newly learned info
proactive interference
when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
proactive interference
a non-profit group that works to exonerate falsely convicted people, including those convicted by eyewitness testimony
the innocence project
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
semantic memory
the kind fo memory involves storage of brief events e.g. sights, sounds and tastes
sensory
types of bias
stereotypical; egocentric; hindsight
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?
stroop effect
the concept that describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
suggestibility
George Miller researched the capacity of memory and found that most people can retain about _____ in STM
7 plus or minus 2
due to storage decay an average person will lose 50% of the memorized info after _______ and 70% of the info after _______
20 minutes; 24 hours
the 3 stages of storage first proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin is represented by the
Atkinson-Shiffrin (A-S) model of human memory
a procedure in cognitive psychology used to study false memories in humans (Participants recalled hearing the word "sleep" even though they did not actually hear it in a list of 15 sleep-related words; Inaccuracies in the flashbulb memory)
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
_________ analyzed the process of memorization and created the _________
Ebbinghaus; forgetting curve
_____ explored the question of whether memories are stored in just one part of the brain or many different parts by making lesions (using a soldering iron) in the brains of animals e.g. rats and monkeys
Karl Lashley
in order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through 3 distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and
LTM
encoding info occurs through _____
automatic processing and effortful processing
who proposed a model where short-term memory has different forms?
baddeley and hitch
memories distorted by your current belief system
bias
who first demonstrated semantic encoding by asking people to memorize 60 words categorized into 4 categories of meaning
William Bousfield
refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention
absent-mindedness
Unable to form new memories (but still procedural memories)
anterograde amnesia
unable to form new episodic or semantic memories but are still able to form new procedural memories
anterograde amnesia
the theory/hypothesis that suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences from weak memories
arousal theory
the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words usually done w/o any conscious awareness
automatic processing
organizing info into manageable bits / chunks
chunking
we process memories in the same way that a ______ process info according to the A-S model
computers
the formulation of new memories
construction
a technique in which you think about the meaning of the new info and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
elaborative rehearsal
_____ involves the input of info into the memory system
encoding
when memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins
encoding failure
the 3 functions of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
Lashley was searching for evidence of a group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory" aka
engram
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
equipotentiality hypothesis
the type of memories we consciously try to remember and recall
explicit memories
recall of false autobiographical memories
false memory syndrome
an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
flashbulb memory
strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters as well as hormones
flashbulb memory phenomenon
what is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
if you want to remember a piece of info, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other info and memories to make it more meaningful
memories that are not part of our consciousness
implicit memories
memory functions cerebellum
implicit memories
the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve info over different periods of time
memory
repeated activity by neurons = increased neurotransmitters in the synapses = more synaptic connections
memory consolidation
the step to rehearsal, which is the conscious repetition of info to be remembered in order to move it form STM into LTM is called
memory consolidation
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
misinformation effect paradigm
cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Loftus developed the (after exposure to incorrect information, person may misremember the original event)
misinformation effect paradigm
the growth of new brain cells in the hippocampus
neurogenesis
memory functions of the hippocampus (hint: H.M.)
normal recognition memory, spatial memory, memory consolidation, declarative and episodic memory
researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ------
object recognition and maze running
accessing info w/o clues
recall
3 ways you can retrieve info out of your LTM storage system
recall, recognition, relearning
the process of bringing up old memories
reconstruction
memory functions of the amygdala
regulating emotions (also involved w/ memory consolidation)
when info learned more recently hinders the recall of older info
retroactive interference
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
retrograde amnesia
the tendency for an individual to have better memory for info that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
self-reference effect
what are 2 components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
according to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal info best?
semantic encoding
elaborative rehearsal is aka Craik's and Lockhart's
theory of levels of processing
the 7 sins of memory
transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
what are the 3 short-term systems of baddeley's and hitch's model?
visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop
