Intro to Psychology Chapter 6
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
reinforcement schedule
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
respondent behavior
Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment
-children watched an adult kick inflatable toy -when children were allowed to play in the room, they inflicted similar violence on doll -Not imitation - can be used to teach individuals to avoid behavior -Children who watched the adult get scolded for punching doll were less likely to be aggressive toward doll
Mark is trying to work daily gym visits into his schedule. Based on research described in the text, Mark should go to the gym every day for just over ___________ days to ensure that it becomes a habit.
60
________ reinforcement involves any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive
Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled: a) Psychology of Learning b) Sensation and Perception c) Human Development d) Cognition
Psychology of Learning
Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you usually travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using _____________ to devise a different route.
a cognitive map
in classical conditioning, the initial stage- when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response (in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response)
acquisition
In the classic Bobo doll research, Bandura and his colleagues (1961) demonstrated that __________ may be acquired through observational learning.
aggressive behavior
Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
association; imitation
Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:
associative learning
Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)
associative learning
the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
behaviorism
Evolved tendencies for species to learn some behaviors more easily than others are called ____________ constraints on learning.
biological
Five-year-old Arianna is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Arianna associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Arianna sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of ____________ conditioning.
classical
When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of ____________ conditioning.
classical
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
learning
The textbook states that "by watching models, we vicariously (in our imagination) experience what they are experiencing." The term 'vicariously' links observational learning MOST directly to:
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
cognitive learning
a mental image of the layout of one's environment
cognitive map
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone is called a(n) ____________ response.
conditioned
In classical conditioning, the _______________ response is the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
conditioned
Jonas, a veteran of the war in Iraq, suffers from PTSD. Now back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are BEST thought of as __________ stumuli.
conditioned
an event that gains its reinforcing power through its link with a primary reinforcer (also known as a secondary reinforcer)
conditioned reinforcer
the learned response (salivating) to the originally neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS); ex: salivating in response to a tone
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR); ex: a previously meaningless tone that now triggers drooling
conditioned stimulus
originally a neutral stimulus (such as tone) that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food), comes to trigger a conditioned response (salivating)
conditioned stimulus
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.
decreases; increases
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced)
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced.)
extinction
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed-ratio schedule
in classical conditioning, the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus (in operant conditioning, ________________ occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations)
generalization
Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called __________ learning.
latent
Cognitive maps are created through a process called:
latent learning
learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
law of effect
Watson and Pavlov agreed that:
laws of learning are the same for all animals.
neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions; neural basis for imitation and observational learning
mirror neuron
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
modeling
In Bandura's experiment, compared with children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____________ to lash out at the doll.
much more likely
Lena opens her umbrella and lifts it above her head when it starts to rain. Lena's behavior is maintained by ___________ reinforcement.
negative
Theo regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____________ reinforcement.
negative
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli, such as an electric shock. a _______________ reinforcer is anything that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (note: this is not a punishment)
negative reinforcement
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning; ex: events the dog could see or hear but didn't associate with food- with food in the dog's mouth
neutral stimulus (NS)
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments were intended to demonstrate:
observational learning
Sadie watches her mother apply lipstick and eye makeup. The next day Sadie sits at her mother's vanity and attempts to apply her mother's makeup to her own face. This is a clear example of:
observational learning
Social learning is another name for:
observational learning
Tamika's cat learned to press a level so that more food would be poured into her food bowl. The kitten of Tamika's roommate watched the older cat perform this behavior, and within a month, the kitten was performing the behavior. This is an example of:
observational learning
learning by observing others
observational learning
The text notes that "an analysis of nearly 200,000 speeding tickets showed a large increase in speeding following the release of 'The Fast and the Furious' films." This example illustrates the ______________ of _______________ behavior.
observational learning; antisocial
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
operant behavior
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
operant chamber
Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:
operant conditioning
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
reinforcement
Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Which type of learning/conditioning is Dan using?
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more probable if followed by a reinforcer or less probable if followed by a punisher
operant conditioning
Jennifer trained her dog to howl when it heard her play the piano by giving it a treat for doing so. One day, Jennifer played a CD in her car of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.
operant conditioning; generalization
__________ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas ____________ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
operant; respondent
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus, such as food. a positive reinforcer is anything that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
positive reinforcement
an event that is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need
primary reinforcer
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite anti-social behavior
prosocial behavior
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
punishment
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer to the desired behavior
shaping
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
any event or situation that evokes a response
stimulus
A psychologist is conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. The psychologist will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. The psychologist should find that as compared with men in a control group: a) the men show more empathy toward the rape victims b) the men become more emotional about the violence and victims c) the men express less sympathy or the rape victims d) the men express more sympathy for the rape victims
the men express less sympathy or the rape victims
Before the tone ever sounded, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented, exemplifying a(n) ____________ response.
unconditioned
an event that occurs naturally (such as salivation), in response to some stimulus
unconditioned response
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth);
unconditioned response (UR)
something that naturally and automatically (without learning) triggers the unlearned response (as food in the mouth triggers salivation)
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response (UR); ex: the food
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
variable-interval schedule
Gamblers have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble because of the __________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
Which list contains and item that does NOT fit? a) voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning b) operant behavior, deliberate, operant conditioning c) classical conditioning, respondent behavior, automatic d) voluntary, operant conditioning, operant behavior
voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the neutral stimulus that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus was a:
white rat