Intro To Sociology Final Exam Study Guide
Believed that deviance is necessary for a successful society as it challenges people's views: Emile Durkheim Karl Marx C. Wright Mills Jean Piaget
Emile Durkheim
From a sociological standpoint, any and all deviance is considered bad. True False
False
Juvenile crime is legal violations among those under 21 years of age. True False
False
Who is NOT considered a conflict theorist? Georg Simmel Max Weber George Herbert Mead Karl Marx
George Herbert Mead
Designed to reduce the wage gap between men and women: The Equal Pay Act Feminization of Poverty Act Equal Wage Earners Act Minorities Proclamation Act
The Equal Pay Act
While crime is often associated with the underprivileged, crimes committed by the wealthy and powerful remain under-punished. True False
True
What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships
A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal
A hypothesis can be defined as: A testable proposition A way to explain different aspects of social interactions An attempt to explain large-scale relationships Only used on the macro level
A testable proposition
Which of the following coined the term positivism and is considered the Father of Sociology? Karl Marx Auguste Comte Max Weber Emile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? Carol Gilligan Max Weber Lawrence Kohlberg Karl Marx
Carol Gilligan
According the Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? When they are. born When they first go to school In their teenage years After they graduate college
In their teenage years
Who is the leading theorist on the development of socialism? Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Adam Smith Heidimarie Schwermer
Karl Marx
_______ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. Durkheim; Communism Max Weber; Positivism Karl Marx; Communism Comte; Antipositivism
Karl Marx; Communism
Which two theorists took an anti-positivism stance? Comte and Weber Durkheim and Weber Simmel and Weber Addams and Weber
Simmel and Weber
This federal and state program is time limited and the goal is to assist families with children in achieving economic self-sufficiency: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Department of Funding for the Needy Supplemental Assistance for the Impoverished
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
This Act increased penalties, funded prisons, and incentivized law enforcement to pursue drug offenders: The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 The Fair Sentencing Act The Social Control Act of 1998 The Perpetrators Act of 2010
The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
What is the largest difference between the functionalist and conflict perspectives and the interactionist perspective? The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed, smaller group aspects The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model There is no difference between the perspectives
The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed, smaller group aspects
Identify which is NOT true for informal norms. The most strictly enforced Learned through observation and imitation Casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to Learned through socialization and sometimes directed learning
The most strictly enforced
Probation and parole can follow a period of incarceration. True False
True
The control theory states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society. True False
True
Conducted research in hopes of assisting in the struggle of racial inequality and helped found the NAACP: W.E.B. Du Bois Karl Marx Auguste Comte Jane Addams
W.E.B. Du Bois
Which are facts about Harriet Martineau? She was the first female sociologist She founded the Hull House in Chicago She translated Comte's writings from French to English a and c only
a and c only
The term values can be defined as: convictions that people hold to be true federal laws and regulations all of the above a culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society
a culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society
In our culture, holding the door open for someone is an example of: ethnocentrism a folkway someone being rude a law
a folkway
Incarceration is: a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prison always proven to rehabilitate criminals a new concept in society the same method throughout the world
a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prison
A cultural universal is: an object or a belonging of a group a pattern or trait common to all societies the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular society a written document outlining appropriate behavior
a pattern or trait common to all societies
The Henry family consists of Marcus, his wife, and their two children. Due to a recent layoff at his company, Marcus is now unemployed. His wife, Martha, has always stayed at home to care for their two children and has very little formal education. Despite all efforts to pay their bills, the family was evicted from their apartment and are now living in their car. In order to survive, they visit a local church each day, which provides free meals to each of them. What type of poverty is the Henry family experiencing? absolute poverty relative poverty total poverty detrimental poverty
absolute poverty
What is true for sanctions? either approve or disapprove of certain behaviors are a form of social control, which is a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms can be positive or negative all are true
all are true
Regarding norms, which is NOT true? norms vary from one culture to another all mores become laws folkways can become mores or laws
all mores become laws
According to Durkheim, social facts include: laws and religious beliefs morals and values customs and rituals all of the above
all of the above
An individual's standard of living is based on: income, employment, and class mortality, poverty, and literacy rates housing affordability all of the above
all of the above
Include any/all that are true for symbols: gestures, words, and signs objects and signals provide clues to understanding experiences by conveying recognizable meanings shared by societies all of the above
all of the above
What is true of language? constantly evolving as societies create new ideas varies from one culture to culture varies from one region to another all of the above
all of the above
C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as: the process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experiences and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions the theory that man evolved slowly over time none of the above
an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experiences and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions
The upper middle class: tend to complete a two-year associate's degree or four-year bachelor's degree typically don't have enough income to build significant savings : are able to provide high-quality education, healthcare, and involvement in extracurricular activities for their children tend to be the first to lose their job when a company/organization needs to save money
are able to provide high-quality education, healthcare, and involvement in extracurricular activities for their children
The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: class traits power prestige underclass
class traits
A definable region, which could mean a neighborhood or country: state culture community society
community
Looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance and views such factors as evidence of inequality: conflict theory functionalism symbolic interactionist social control
conflict theory
Women not being allowed to vote until the 1920s is associated with which theoretical perspective? functionalism symbolic interactionism none of the above conflict theory
conflict theory
The extent to which an individual complies with group norms or expectations: conformity acceptance functionalism socialization
conformity
Megan, a recent college graduate, just accepted her first job and is moving to a big city. Excited about starting her next chapter in life, she wants to impress her new coworkers and other people she will meet. Even though her car is dependable and still in great condition, she decides to purchase one out of her price range because she is concerned about making a good impression. This is an example of: conspicuous consumption relative poverty income and wealth absolute poverty (no answer)
conspicuous consumption
This theory was developed as an elaboration on Marxist principles: conflict positivism symbolic interactionist critical
critical
Defined as an experience of personal disorientation and frustration when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture: xenocentrism cultural relativism ethnocentrism cultural shock
cultural shock
Refers to the group's shared practices, values, and beliefs; encompasses a group's way of life, from routine interactions to most important ones: socialization society culture microsociology
culture
Rodney is a U.S. student studying abroad in Italy. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: nonmaterial culture material culture culture shock imperialism
culture shock
In an effort to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of ____. an entry test must be passed degradation ceremony anticipatory socialization developing a sense of morality
degradation ceremony
Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were ______ higher-level job positions. denied the opportunity to obtain encouraged to train for often fired from forced into
denied the opportunity to obtain
Suggests that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance: differential association social control functionalism social disorganization theory
differential association
Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics and her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally had been arrested three times for possession of cocaine. Which theory best describes Ally's experiences? differential association theory strain theory labeling theory opaque theory
differential association theory
Defined as making known previously unknown but existing aspects of reality: transformation engineering discovery invention
discovery
What is NOT true for cultural relativism? it is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture requires an open mind and willingness to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms doesn't matter is you use sociological imagination can be difficult because norms vary from one culture to another
doesn't matter is you use sociological imagination
In 2008, the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and quit spending money. Many could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure, which is an example of: downward mobility upward mobility intergenerational mobility social stratification
downward mobility
Reasons for this type of social mobility move could include dropping out of school, getting a divorce, or losing a spouse: downward mobility upward mobility intergenerational mobility congressional mobility
downward mobility
Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? : embezzlement murder vandalism armed robbery
embezzlement
What is NOT an example of real culture in our society? equality dishonesty in relationships inequality criminal acts
equality
Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the U.S. "I hate the food, the language, and all their weird customs. America is clearly the best place to live." This is an example of: xenocentrism moral relativism paradigms ethnocentrism
ethnocentrism
Cate, a CEO of a Fortune 500 company, is the daughter of a Senator. Harry is a day laborer, working mostly in construction. They are planning a June wedding and their marriage is an example of a(n) ________ marriage. exogamous endogamous polygamous bigamous
exogamous
Defined as the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior: disfiguration figuration configuration none of the above
figuration
What is NOT true of capitalism? an economic system in which there is private ownership and motivation to produce profit focus is on benefitting society rather than an individual investors are generally entitled to a share of any profit made the government passed a series of laws to break up monopolies
focus is on benefitting society rather than an individual
Which theoretical perspective is associated with supporting the emphasis placed on the value of education in classrooms (books, materials needed, etc.)? conflict theory ethnocentrism functionalism symbolic interaction
functionalism
Which theoretical perspective sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals: functionalism conflict symbolic interactionist all of the above
functionalism
Which theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? ethnocentrism sociobiology conflict theory functionalism
functionalism
Defined as the integration of international trade and finance markets: xenocentrism globalization cultural relativism ethnocentrism
globalization
Reference groups can be defined as: groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity groups to which an individual compares himself or herself people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain
groups to which an individual compares himself or herself
The informal teaching done by schools, which prepares children for the adult world: formal curriculum playground hidden curriculum both formal and hidden
hidden curriculum
A parent who is worried about her daughter's dangerous, self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to talk with those in her daughter's _____ group. none of the above out-group in-group reference group
in-group
Lightbulbs, penicillin, and the airplane are specific examples of: discoveries globalization conflict theory inventions
inventions
A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted: mores language symbols folkways
language
Which is NOT true about the upper class? make up 10% of the population considered to have extreme wealth includes "old money" and "new money" individuals often make decisions that impact the lives of others in lower social classes
make up 10% of the population
Which is NOT an example of a formal norm within the U.S.? driving on the right hand side of the road making eye contact when speaking paying taxes crossing streets at cross-walks
making eye contact when speaking
A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual: master status single status deviant status minor status
master status
Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: most people only socialize with people in their same social class most people do not care about social rank and standing only upper class individuals are successful at golf social stratification causes inequality
most people only socialize with people in their same social class
The American flag is a material object that denotes the U.S. However, many associate ideas with the flag, like freedom. In this example, what is freedom? language nonmaterial culture symbols symbolic interactionism
nonmaterial culture
Two key determinants of social standing include ____ and occupational structure. parents profession friends neighbors
parents
Which are considered social group agents? family, school, workplace, and food peer groups, religion, mass media, family religion, mass media, food, family food, government, family, peer groups
peer groups, religion, mass media, family
What factor makes caste systems closed? people cannot change their social standing they are run by secretive governments most have been outlawed they exist only in rural areas
people cannot change their social standing
A paradigm can be defined as: philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinships, shared location, and religion the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society
philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.
Regarding power, which is false? power is always about money the ability to control the behavior of others often attached to social positions all are true
power is always about money
During this stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory, young children experience the world around them only through their senses: postconventional conventional preconventional all above stages
preconventional
George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized stage game stage, play stage, preparatory, generalized stage preparatory stage, game stage, play stage, generalized stage generalized stage, game stage, play stage, preparatory stage
preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized stage
Defined as recognition, respect, and admiration: prestige power economics closed system
prestige
This type of group is an integral part of our lives, tends to be smaller with more face-to-face interactions, and meets emotional needs: out-group reference group primary secondary
primary
Shortly after starting high school, Michael tried out and made the basketball team. Since then, he started looking to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as _____. reference group aggregate secondary group out-group
reference group
The process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization: rehabilitation recidivism retribution restitution
rehabilitation
An economic condition in which a family or individuals have 50% less income than the average median income, which is sometimes referred to as the poverty line: relative poverty absolute poverty total poverty neglectful poverty
relative poverty
Doris, 78 years old, has moved into a nursing home. She is accustomed to driving where she wants, when she wants but that is no longer the case. What is she most likely to experience during this transition? degradation ceremony resocialization anticipatory socialization a complete loss of herself
resocialization
Punishment intended to make criminals pay monetary compensation: restitution retribution recidivism rehabilitation
restitution
Societies practice social control to maintain: social order formal sanctions informal sanctions cultural deviance
social order
A sociological process that occurs through socializing: socialization macrosociology microsociology sociology
socialization
An individual's place within the stratification is referred to as: socioeconomic status categorization equalities prestige
socioeconomic status
In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by this teacher for inappropriate behavior. Throughout his elementary years, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem child." He eventually drops out of school, thinking he would continue to be unsuccessful and unliked if he stayed. Which theoretical perspective does this line of thinking fall under? symbolic interactionism conflict theory functionalism social control
symbolic interactionism
Which theoretical perspective is NOT macro level? symbolic interactionist theory conflict theory functionalism theory none of the above
symbolic interactionist theory
Regarding China's One Child Rule, which is NOT true? the gender imbalance has now leveled out and there is a pretty equal number of males to females baby girls were either aborted, abandoned, or killed the purpose was to curb overpopulation the number of children allowed per family has increased
the gender imbalance has now leveled out and there is a pretty equal number of males to females
Xenocentrism is: the opposite of cultural relativism the same as cultural relativism the opposite of cultural universalism the opposite of ethnocentrism
the opposite of ethnocentrism
Social control is: the regulation and enforcement of norms a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives
the regulation and enforcement of norms
Individuals in this social class live mainly in inner cities, some are homeless, and have more stress and poorer health when compared to others: underclass working poor underclass working class middle class
underclass
Dysfunctions are social processes that have _______ consequences for the operation of society. desirable unexpected commone : undesirable
undesirable
Society's layers, made of people, represent the ____ distribution of society's resources. uneven even just correct
uneven
Which is NOT true for the United States? we are considered to be a closed system of stratification we operate mostly as a capitalistic society we have three main social classes and some have subcategories prestige is often associated with a person's occupation
we are considered to be a closed system of stratification
Joseph lived in Egypt for a year as a student studying aboard. However, after returning to the U.S., he decided that he felt more at home in Egypt and considered their culture superior to the U.S. Joseph was exhibiting: xenocentrism functionalism cultural relativism ethnocentrism
xenocentrism
