Introduction to Nutrition (Chapter 5)

comprehensive evaluation procedure

A ____(3 words)______ discovers nutrient composition, digestibility, productive value, palatability, and the physical or handling characteristics of feeds

Proximate analysis

A type of analysis that is a set of chemical/analytical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into - water, - ash, -crude protein, -ether extract, -crude fiber, -nitrogen-free extract. -This is the most common set of chemical tests used on feedstuffs.

bomb calorimeter

An instrument called a ________________is used to determine the gross energy content of feedstuffs

different

Animals need __________ amounts of protein depending on the feeds used and the age and use of the particular animal

metabolic machinery

Animals need nutrients to run the body's ___(2 words)______ for maintenance, production, and reproduction.

basic nutritionists or applied/production nutritionists

Besides the main two categories (Monogastric and Ruminant), most nutritionists tend to fall into one or the other of two additional camps:

largest

Carbohydrates account for the __________ single percentage of nutrient content in most commonly fed feedstuffs.

high

Fats are ________ in energy; on average, they have 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates on an equal weight basis.

diet

Feeds must be selected to provide an appropriate __________ for the purpose intended.

calories

Gross energy is expressed in ____________.

livestock

In commercial _______ production, it is important to study nutrition to be able to feed livestock cost effectively

dietary essentials or dietary nonessentials

Nutrients are classified as_________ or _________ ( Each blank has two words)

energy and building material

Nutrients provide ____(1 word)____ and _______(2 words)____ for the body, as well as metabolic regulators.

reproductive

Providing adequate nutrition for the __________ function must be accomplished in addition to maintenance and production -->. Energy and protein must be increased, as well as several minerals and vitamins.

energy-furnishing nutrients

Some feeds are high in _______________________ and are used in finishing rations or producing milk and eggs.

Monogastric and Ruminant

The field of nutrition is broad and encompasses much information: nutritionists thus need to specialize in what two main categories?

variable

The nutritive value of feeds is quite ___________.

energy conversions

The purpose of all _______________ in the body of animals is to convert energy into something useful, such as maintenance and/or products like meat, milk, work, wool, and eggs.

A and B

The study of nutrition is important because: (choose all that apply) A) Nutrition affects general health and well-being, physical abilities, and susceptibility to and ability to recover from disease. B) Nutrition is also an intricate part of many body systems; if we understand nutrition, we can understand those systems. C) It's not important D) All of the above

reproduction, growth, and lactation

They are used in body metabolism to maintain the body for what three things? .

Chemical, Biological, and Microbiological procedures

Three procedures or types of analytical methods are commonly used to analyze feeds for nutrient content.

balance

To properly _________ a diet and know how much of each ingredient to mix into a ration, the dry matter must be determined.

True

True or False: In growth, the body requires good-quality nutrients in relatively large amounts to build its structural units. -Nutrient needs are high in the growth phase and nutrient deficiencies become readily apparent.

True

True or False: The amount of nutrients depends on: type of species, its digestive tract, and any peculiarities of its metabolism; and the level of production and the product(s) being produced (work, fetus, growth, milk, eggs, and fiber).

False

True or False: The maintenance needs do not have to met before the animal will produce any useful product.

some

Virtually all feedstuffs contain _________minerals.

F

Water is used by the body as: A) a lubricant; B) a regulator of body temperature C) a solvent for the body's solid components D) a transporting medium in body fluids E) a necessary participant in chemical reactions F) all of the above

Proteins

What are compounds made up of long chains of amino acids; their primary uses are components of lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, and body metabolites.

Fats

What are esters of fatty acids and glycerol; they are used as a source of energy and essential fatty acids

energy

What are excess proteins in the diet are used for?

Minerals

What are inorganic constituents of bones and teeth and an important part of the body's enzyme systems.

Vitamins

What are organic compounds needed by the body in very small amounts. Many feeds are rich in vitamins, but some are very poor sources

Supplemental minerals

What are provided in various forms including salt, trace mineralized salt, oyster shells, lime, and bone meal?

Carbohydrates

What are sugars, starches, and cellulose; the primary use of carbohydrates is to provide animals with energy. ~> Grains are fed to livestock because their starch and sugar contents are easily digestible.

nutrient classifications

What are the following: - water, - carbohydrates, - vitamins, - minerals, - proteins, - fats (lipids).

Maintenance

What in its simplest form, refers to maintaining the body at a constant weight and temperature

Work

What is a specialized production function and the major product of some species such as working horses, working dogs, and packing llamas. ->The major nutrient increase needed for this is energy.

Van Soest Method

What is an alternative fiber analysis that was developed as a means of better describing forages in response to the limitations of proximate analysis and can be used to predict the intake and digestibility of feedstuffs and is a means of evaluating heat damage to forages?

Ash

What is considered the mineral content of the feedstuf?.

Crude protein (CP)

What is determined by the Kjeldahl process, which isolates and measures the nitrogen content of the feed. --> This can then be calculated by multiplying total N by 6.25.

Finishing

What is the final growth and fattening phase of the production of meat animals call?

Cellulose

What is the major carbohydrate found in forages such as fresh pastures, silage, and hay

Dry matter

What is the percentage of sample that remains after heating a feed sample until all water have evaporated call?

Growth

What is the process of increasing the body weight by adding tissue like that already present.

Dietary essential nutrients

What nutrients must be part of the diet

Production

What refers to the output of products such as eggs, milk, and wool. -> The nutrients needed for this vary with the product.

The maintenance nutrient

What requirement is a combination of the nutrients needed for basal metabolism (activities such as heartbeat and breathing) and those for normal animal movement.

Nutrients

What substances required for life processes?

fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins

What two types are Vitamins classified as?

ration

When protein-rich feeds and vitamin and mineral mixes are added to the energy feeds, a _________ of optimum production is born

Applied or production nutritionists

Which nutritionists are more interested in maximal, cost-effective feeding of animals in a production setting?

Monogastric nutritionists

Which nutritionists focus on one-stomached animals such as poultry, swine, horses, dogs, cats, fish, rats, mice, monkeys, and some zoo animals?

Ruminant nutritionists

Which nutritionists specialize in animals that have a rumen such as sheep, goats, and beef/dairy cattle?

Basic nutritionists

Which nutritionists study the metabolism of the animals, and they are most interested in the biochemical mechanisms of nutrient metabolism.

Chemical procedures

Which procedures are standard chemistry applied to feeds.

Biological procedures

Which procedures use animals to test feeds; this is time consuming, labor intensive, and expensive.

Microbiological procedures

Which procedures use bacteria in place of higher animals

fat-soluble vitamins

Which vitamins tend to be involved in regulating body functions such as vision, blood clotting, tissue maintenance, and growth such as bone development?

water-soluble vitamins

Which vitamins tend to be used more for body metabolic regulation?

Oilseed meals

___(2 words)____such as soybean meal and cottonseed meal are common protein feedstuffs

Water

__________ is frequently neglected in many discussions of nutrition (This seems odd, considering that the body will die more quickly from deprivation of this nutrient than from the deprivation of any other nutrient.)

C

___________ nutrients are needed for the finishing phase but some differences exist in this phase compared to growth phase. A) No nutrients B) Some C) All

Reproduction

______________ of live normal offspring is a basic biological necessity for a species to survive.

ether extract (EE) (fat),

a dry feed sample is extracted with diethyl ether to determine What? ( The value of this test is to isolate the portion of the feed that has high-caloric density.)

Carbohydrates (CHO)

are not determined by direct analysis, but are measured in two fractions: crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) or nonfiber carbohydrates.

Nutrition

is the study of how the body uses the nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes.

Metabolizable energy

is used with different efficiency for various productive functions, some of which are more important in some species and not in others.