Introduction To Psychology Exam 3

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

7

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space, time, and frequency best illustrates

Automatic processing

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

Generalization

The process of retrieval refers to

Getting information out of memory storage

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Negative punishment

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ .

Negative reinforcer

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory

Nondeclaritive

What we learn under the influence of a drug may be more easily recalled when we are once again under the influence of that very same drug. This best illustrates

state-dependent memory

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

stimulus

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories

Basal ganglia

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

Basal ganglia

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

CR

Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings.

CS

Long term potentiation refers to?

Increased neurons firing potential

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

Observable behavior

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

Spontaneous recovery

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates

The misinformation effect

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that

It is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

Ivan Pavlov

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Jerking your hand off a very hot stove

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Unconditioned response

A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-interval

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

biological predispostions

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.

negative

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus following an operant response is

negative punishment

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

The stage of classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus first begins triggering a conditioned response is called

acquistion

We long remember exciting or shocking events due to activation of the limbic system's

amygdala

We encode explicit memories by means of

effortful processing

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

extinction

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

hippocampus

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This best illustrates their retention of ________ memories.

implicit

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Context-dependent memory best illustrates that the specific location in which we learned something often provides us with effective

retrieval cues

Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration?

sensory memory

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

survival

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

the serial position efffect

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that

therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories

When Julie saw her brother being praised for cleaning his bedroom, she increasingly engaged in cleaning her own bedroom. This best illustrates the impact of

vicarious reinforcement

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog who had bitten you on several occasions.

Cerebellum

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

Classical conditioning

After his mother smiles, Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced. But if his mother is not smiling, his subsequent request for a snack is not reinforced. By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced, the mother's smile is a

Discriminative stimulus

In order to remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates

Effortful processing

A neutral stimulus is an event or situation that

Elicits no response prior to classical conditioning

The process of getting information into memory is called

Encoding

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.

Explicit

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Fixed-interval

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-ratio

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

Flashbulb memories

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

High-order conditioning

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

Higher-order conditioning

If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates

Higher-order conditioning

On the phone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

In the middle of the list

A positive reinforcer is anything that when ________ a response, strengthens the response.

Introduced after

Copying an adult, young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to pull on the knob. This best illustrates

Overimitation

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a

Positive punishment

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

Procedural

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used?

Recognition

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties result from

Repression

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

Retrieval cue

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become

Retrieval cues

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

Salivation to the food in the mouth

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the phone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

Short-term

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

conditioned

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound. This best illustrates the value of

deep processing

When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called

extinction

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

generalization

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of

mirror neurons

Although Maria can encode and consciously recall new information, she is unable to consciously recall events that happened prior to the brain damage that she suffered as an adolescent. Maria's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

retrograde amnesia

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

shaping

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

short-term

Intermittent reinforcement is associated with ________ acquisition and ________ extinction than continuous reinforcement.

slower; slower